path: root/flang/lib/Optimizer/Builder/HLFIRTools.cpp

//===-- HLFIRTools.cpp ----------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Tools to manipulate HLFIR variable and expressions
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/HLFIRTools.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/Character.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/FIRBuilder.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/MutableBox.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/Runtime/Allocatable.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/Builder/Todo.h"
#include "flang/Optimizer/HLFIR/HLFIROps.h"
#include "mlir/IR/IRMapping.h"
#include "mlir/Support/LLVM.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/TypeSwitch.h"
#include <optional>

// Return explicit extents. If the base is a fir.box, this won't read it to
// return the extents and will instead return an empty vector.
llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
hlfir::getExplicitExtentsFromShape(mlir::Value shape,
                                   fir::FirOpBuilder &builder) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> result;
  auto *shapeOp = shape.getDefiningOp();
  if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShapeOp>(shapeOp)) {
    auto e = s.getExtents();
    result.append(e.begin(), e.end());
  } else if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShapeShiftOp>(shapeOp)) {
    auto e = s.getExtents();
    result.append(e.begin(), e.end());
  } else if (mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShiftOp>(shapeOp)) {
    return {};
  } else if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<hlfir::ShapeOfOp>(shapeOp)) {
    hlfir::ExprType expr = s.getExpr().getType().cast<hlfir::ExprType>();
    llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> exprShape = expr.getShape();
    mlir::Type indexTy = builder.getIndexType();
    fir::ShapeType shapeTy = shape.getType().cast<fir::ShapeType>();
    result.reserve(shapeTy.getRank());
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < shapeTy.getRank(); ++i) {
      int64_t extent = exprShape[i];
      mlir::Value extentVal;
      if (extent == expr.getUnknownExtent()) {
        auto op = builder.create<hlfir::GetExtentOp>(shape.getLoc(), shape, i);
        extentVal = op.getResult();
      } else {
        extentVal =
            builder.createIntegerConstant(shape.getLoc(), indexTy, extent);
      }
      result.emplace_back(extentVal);
    }
  } else {
    TODO(shape.getLoc(), "read fir.shape to get extents");
  }
  return result;
}
static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
getExplicitExtents(fir::FortranVariableOpInterface var,
                   fir::FirOpBuilder &builder) {
  if (mlir::Value shape = var.getShape())
    return hlfir::getExplicitExtentsFromShape(var.getShape(), builder);
  return {};
}

// Return explicit lower bounds. For pointers and allocatables, this will not
// read the lower bounds and instead return an empty vector.
static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
getExplicitLboundsFromShape(mlir::Value shape) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> result;
  auto *shapeOp = shape.getDefiningOp();
  if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShapeOp>(shapeOp)) {
    return {};
  } else if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShapeShiftOp>(shapeOp)) {
    auto e = s.getOrigins();
    result.append(e.begin(), e.end());
  } else if (auto s = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<fir::ShiftOp>(shapeOp)) {
    auto e = s.getOrigins();
    result.append(e.begin(), e.end());
  } else {
    TODO(shape.getLoc(), "read fir.shape to get lower bounds");
  }
  return result;
}
static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
getExplicitLbounds(fir::FortranVariableOpInterface var) {
  if (mlir::Value shape = var.getShape())
    return getExplicitLboundsFromShape(shape);
  return {};
}

static void
genLboundsAndExtentsFromBox(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                            hlfir::Entity boxEntity,
                            llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Value> &lbounds,
                            llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Value> *extents) {
  assert(boxEntity.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>() && "must be a box");
  mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
  const int rank = boxEntity.getRank();
  for (int i = 0; i < rank; ++i) {
    mlir::Value dim = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, i);
    auto dimInfo = builder.create<fir::BoxDimsOp>(loc, idxTy, idxTy, idxTy,
                                                  boxEntity, dim);
    lbounds.push_back(dimInfo.getLowerBound());
    if (extents)
      extents->push_back(dimInfo.getExtent());
  }
}

static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
getNonDefaultLowerBounds(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                         hlfir::Entity entity) {
  if (!entity.hasNonDefaultLowerBounds())
    return {};
  if (auto varIface = entity.getIfVariableInterface()) {
    llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lbounds = getExplicitLbounds(varIface);
    if (!lbounds.empty())
      return lbounds;
  }
  if (entity.isMutableBox())
    entity = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lowerBounds;
  genLboundsAndExtentsFromBox(loc, builder, entity, lowerBounds,
                              /*extents=*/nullptr);
  return lowerBounds;
}

static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> toSmallVector(mlir::ValueRange range) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> res;
  res.append(range.begin(), range.end());
  return res;
}

static llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> getExplicitTypeParams(hlfir::Entity var) {
  if (auto varIface = var.getMaybeDereferencedVariableInterface())
    return toSmallVector(varIface.getExplicitTypeParams());
  return {};
}

static mlir::Value tryGettingNonDeferredCharLen(hlfir::Entity var) {
  if (auto varIface = var.getMaybeDereferencedVariableInterface())
    if (!varIface.getExplicitTypeParams().empty())
      return varIface.getExplicitTypeParams()[0];
  return mlir::Value{};
}

static mlir::Value genCharacterVariableLength(mlir::Location loc,
                                              fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                              hlfir::Entity var) {
  if (mlir::Value len = tryGettingNonDeferredCharLen(var))
    return len;
  auto charType = var.getFortranElementType().cast<fir::CharacterType>();
  if (charType.hasConstantLen())
    return builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, builder.getIndexType(),
                                         charType.getLen());
  if (var.isMutableBox())
    var = hlfir::Entity{builder.create<fir::LoadOp>(loc, var)};
  mlir::Value len = fir::factory::CharacterExprHelper{builder, loc}.getLength(
      var.getFirBase());
  assert(len && "failed to retrieve length");
  return len;
}

static fir::CharBoxValue genUnboxChar(mlir::Location loc,
                                      fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                      mlir::Value boxChar) {
  if (auto emboxChar = boxChar.getDefiningOp<fir::EmboxCharOp>())
    return {emboxChar.getMemref(), emboxChar.getLen()};
  mlir::Type refType = fir::ReferenceType::get(
      boxChar.getType().cast<fir::BoxCharType>().getEleTy());
  auto unboxed = builder.create<fir::UnboxCharOp>(
      loc, refType, builder.getIndexType(), boxChar);
  mlir::Value addr = unboxed.getResult(0);
  mlir::Value len = unboxed.getResult(1);
  if (auto varIface = boxChar.getDefiningOp<fir::FortranVariableOpInterface>())
    if (mlir::Value explicitlen = varIface.getExplicitCharLen())
      len = explicitlen;
  return {addr, len};
}

mlir::Value hlfir::Entity::getFirBase() const {
  if (fir::FortranVariableOpInterface variable = getIfVariableInterface()) {
    if (auto declareOp =
            mlir::dyn_cast<hlfir::DeclareOp>(variable.getOperation()))
      return declareOp.getOriginalBase();
    if (auto associateOp =
            mlir::dyn_cast<hlfir::AssociateOp>(variable.getOperation()))
      return associateOp.getFirBase();
  }
  return getBase();
}

fir::FortranVariableOpInterface
hlfir::genDeclare(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                  const fir::ExtendedValue &exv, llvm::StringRef name,
                  fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr flags,
                  fir::CUDADataAttributeAttr cudaAttr) {

  mlir::Value base = fir::getBase(exv);
  assert(fir::conformsWithPassByRef(base.getType()) &&
         "entity being declared must be in memory");
  mlir::Value shapeOrShift;
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lenParams;
  exv.match(
      [&](const fir::CharBoxValue &box) {
        lenParams.emplace_back(box.getLen());
      },
      [&](const fir::ArrayBoxValue &) {
        shapeOrShift = builder.createShape(loc, exv);
      },
      [&](const fir::CharArrayBoxValue &box) {
        shapeOrShift = builder.createShape(loc, exv);
        lenParams.emplace_back(box.getLen());
      },
      [&](const fir::BoxValue &box) {
        if (!box.getLBounds().empty())
          shapeOrShift = builder.createShape(loc, exv);
        lenParams.append(box.getExplicitParameters().begin(),
                         box.getExplicitParameters().end());
      },
      [&](const fir::MutableBoxValue &box) {
        lenParams.append(box.nonDeferredLenParams().begin(),
                         box.nonDeferredLenParams().end());
      },
      [](const auto &) {});
  auto declareOp = builder.create<hlfir::DeclareOp>(
      loc, base, name, shapeOrShift, lenParams, flags, cudaAttr);
  return mlir::cast<fir::FortranVariableOpInterface>(declareOp.getOperation());
}

hlfir::AssociateOp
hlfir::genAssociateExpr(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                        hlfir::Entity value, mlir::Type variableType,
                        llvm::StringRef name,
                        std::optional<mlir::NamedAttribute> attr) {
  assert(value.isValue() && "must not be a variable");
  mlir::Value shape{};
  if (value.isArray())
    shape = genShape(loc, builder, value);

  mlir::Value source = value;
  // Lowered scalar expression values for numerical and logical may have a
  // different type than what is required for the type in memory (logical
  // expressions are typically manipulated as i1, but needs to be stored
  // according to the fir.logical<kind> so that the storage size is correct).
  // Character length mismatches are ignored (it is ok for one to be dynamic
  // and the other static).
  mlir::Type varEleTy = getFortranElementType(variableType);
  mlir::Type valueEleTy = getFortranElementType(value.getType());
  if (varEleTy != valueEleTy && !(valueEleTy.isa<fir::CharacterType>() &&
                                  varEleTy.isa<fir::CharacterType>())) {
    assert(value.isScalar() && fir::isa_trivial(value.getType()));
    source = builder.createConvert(loc, fir::unwrapPassByRefType(variableType),
                                   value);
  }
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lenParams;
  genLengthParameters(loc, builder, value, lenParams);
  if (attr) {
    assert(name.empty() && "It attribute is provided, no-name is expected");
    return builder.create<hlfir::AssociateOp>(loc, source, shape, lenParams,
                                              fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr{},
                                              llvm::ArrayRef{*attr});
  }
  return builder.create<hlfir::AssociateOp>(loc, source, name, shape, lenParams,
                                            fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr{});
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genVariableRawAddress(mlir::Location loc,
                                         fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                         hlfir::Entity var) {
  assert(var.isVariable() && "only address of variables can be taken");
  mlir::Value baseAddr = var.getFirBase();
  if (var.isMutableBox())
    baseAddr = builder.create<fir::LoadOp>(loc, baseAddr);
  // Get raw address.
  if (var.getType().isa<fir::BoxCharType>())
    baseAddr = genUnboxChar(loc, builder, var.getBase()).getAddr();
  if (baseAddr.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>())
    baseAddr = builder.create<fir::BoxAddrOp>(loc, baseAddr);
  return baseAddr;
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genVariableBoxChar(mlir::Location loc,
                                      fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                      hlfir::Entity var) {
  assert(var.isVariable() && "only address of variables can be taken");
  if (var.getType().isa<fir::BoxCharType>())
    return var;
  mlir::Value addr = genVariableRawAddress(loc, builder, var);
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lengths;
  genLengthParameters(loc, builder, var, lengths);
  assert(lengths.size() == 1);
  auto charType = var.getFortranElementType().cast<fir::CharacterType>();
  auto boxCharType =
      fir::BoxCharType::get(builder.getContext(), charType.getFKind());
  auto scalarAddr =
      builder.createConvert(loc, fir::ReferenceType::get(charType), addr);
  return builder.create<fir::EmboxCharOp>(loc, boxCharType, scalarAddr,
                                          lengths[0]);
}

hlfir::Entity hlfir::genVariableBox(mlir::Location loc,
                                    fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                    hlfir::Entity var) {
  assert(var.isVariable() && "must be a variable");
  var = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, var);
  if (var.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>())
    return var;
  // Note: if the var is not a fir.box/fir.class at that point, it has default
  // lower bounds and is not polymorphic.
  mlir::Value shape =
      var.isArray() ? hlfir::genShape(loc, builder, var) : mlir::Value{};
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> typeParams;
  auto maybeCharType =
      var.getFortranElementType().dyn_cast<fir::CharacterType>();
  if (!maybeCharType || maybeCharType.hasDynamicLen())
    hlfir::genLengthParameters(loc, builder, var, typeParams);
  mlir::Value addr = var.getBase();
  if (var.getType().isa<fir::BoxCharType>())
    addr = genVariableRawAddress(loc, builder, var);
  mlir::Type boxType = fir::BoxType::get(var.getElementOrSequenceType());
  auto embox =
      builder.create<fir::EmboxOp>(loc, boxType, addr, shape,
                                   /*slice=*/mlir::Value{}, typeParams);
  return hlfir::Entity{embox.getResult()};
}

hlfir::Entity hlfir::loadTrivialScalar(mlir::Location loc,
                                       fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                       Entity entity) {
  entity = derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);
  if (entity.isVariable() && entity.isScalar() &&
      fir::isa_trivial(entity.getFortranElementType())) {
    return Entity{builder.create<fir::LoadOp>(loc, entity)};
  }
  return entity;
}

hlfir::Entity hlfir::getElementAt(mlir::Location loc,
                                  fir::FirOpBuilder &builder, Entity entity,
                                  mlir::ValueRange oneBasedIndices) {
  if (entity.isScalar())
    return entity;
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lenParams;
  genLengthParameters(loc, builder, entity, lenParams);
  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>())
    return hlfir::Entity{builder.create<hlfir::ApplyOp>(
        loc, entity, oneBasedIndices, lenParams)};
  // Build hlfir.designate. The lower bounds may need to be added to
  // the oneBasedIndices since hlfir.designate expect indices
  // based on the array operand lower bounds.
  mlir::Type resultType = hlfir::getVariableElementType(entity);
  hlfir::DesignateOp designate;
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lbounds =
      getNonDefaultLowerBounds(loc, builder, entity);
  if (!lbounds.empty()) {
    llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> indices;
    mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
    mlir::Value one = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, 1);
    for (auto [oneBased, lb] : llvm::zip(oneBasedIndices, lbounds)) {
      auto lbIdx = builder.createConvert(loc, idxTy, lb);
      auto oneBasedIdx = builder.createConvert(loc, idxTy, oneBased);
      auto shift = builder.create<mlir::arith::SubIOp>(loc, lbIdx, one);
      mlir::Value index =
          builder.create<mlir::arith::AddIOp>(loc, oneBasedIdx, shift);
      indices.push_back(index);
    }
    designate = builder.create<hlfir::DesignateOp>(loc, resultType, entity,
                                                   indices, lenParams);
  } else {
    designate = builder.create<hlfir::DesignateOp>(loc, resultType, entity,
                                                   oneBasedIndices, lenParams);
  }
  return mlir::cast<fir::FortranVariableOpInterface>(designate.getOperation());
}

static mlir::Value genUBound(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                             mlir::Value lb, mlir::Value extent,
                             mlir::Value one) {
  if (auto constantLb = fir::getIntIfConstant(lb))
    if (*constantLb == 1)
      return extent;
  extent = builder.createConvert(loc, one.getType(), extent);
  lb = builder.createConvert(loc, one.getType(), lb);
  auto add = builder.create<mlir::arith::AddIOp>(loc, lb, extent);
  return builder.create<mlir::arith::SubIOp>(loc, add, one);
}

llvm::SmallVector<std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value>>
hlfir::genBounds(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                 Entity entity) {
  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>())
    TODO(loc, "bounds of expressions in hlfir");
  auto [exv, cleanup] = translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, entity);
  assert(!cleanup && "translation of entity should not yield cleanup");
  if (const auto *mutableBox = exv.getBoxOf<fir::MutableBoxValue>())
    exv = fir::factory::genMutableBoxRead(builder, loc, *mutableBox);
  mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
  mlir::Value one = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, 1);
  llvm::SmallVector<std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value>> result;
  for (unsigned dim = 0; dim < exv.rank(); ++dim) {
    mlir::Value extent = fir::factory::readExtent(builder, loc, exv, dim);
    mlir::Value lb = fir::factory::readLowerBound(builder, loc, exv, dim, one);
    mlir::Value ub = genUBound(loc, builder, lb, extent, one);
    result.push_back({lb, ub});
  }
  return result;
}

llvm::SmallVector<std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value>>
hlfir::genBounds(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                 mlir::Value shape) {
  assert((shape.getType().isa<fir::ShapeShiftType>() ||
          shape.getType().isa<fir::ShapeType>()) &&
         "shape must contain extents");
  auto extents = hlfir::getExplicitExtentsFromShape(shape, builder);
  auto lowers = getExplicitLboundsFromShape(shape);
  assert(lowers.empty() || lowers.size() == extents.size());
  mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
  mlir::Value one = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, 1);
  llvm::SmallVector<std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value>> result;
  for (auto extent : llvm::enumerate(extents)) {
    mlir::Value lb = lowers.empty() ? one : lowers[extent.index()];
    mlir::Value ub = lowers.empty()
                         ? extent.value()
                         : genUBound(loc, builder, lb, extent.value(), one);
    result.push_back({lb, ub});
  }
  return result;
}

llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> hlfir::genLowerbounds(mlir::Location loc,
                                                     fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                                     mlir::Value shape,
                                                     unsigned rank) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lbounds;
  if (shape)
    lbounds = getExplicitLboundsFromShape(shape);
  if (!lbounds.empty())
    return lbounds;
  mlir::Value one =
      builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, builder.getIndexType(), 1);
  return llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>(rank, one);
}

static hlfir::Entity followShapeInducingSource(hlfir::Entity entity) {
  while (true) {
    if (auto reassoc = entity.getDefiningOp<hlfir::NoReassocOp>()) {
      entity = hlfir::Entity{reassoc.getVal()};
      continue;
    }
    if (auto asExpr = entity.getDefiningOp<hlfir::AsExprOp>()) {
      entity = hlfir::Entity{asExpr.getVar()};
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  return entity;
}

static mlir::Value computeVariableExtent(mlir::Location loc,
                                         fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                         hlfir::Entity variable,
                                         fir::SequenceType seqTy,
                                         unsigned dim) {
  mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
  if (seqTy.getShape().size() > dim) {
    fir::SequenceType::Extent typeExtent = seqTy.getShape()[dim];
    if (typeExtent != fir::SequenceType::getUnknownExtent())
      return builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, typeExtent);
  }
  assert(variable.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>() &&
         "array variable with dynamic extent must be boxed");
  mlir::Value dimVal = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, dim);
  auto dimInfo = builder.create<fir::BoxDimsOp>(loc, idxTy, idxTy, idxTy,
                                                variable, dimVal);
  return dimInfo.getExtent();
}
llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> getVariableExtents(mlir::Location loc,
                                                  fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                                  hlfir::Entity variable) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> extents;
  if (fir::FortranVariableOpInterface varIface =
          variable.getIfVariableInterface()) {
    extents = getExplicitExtents(varIface, builder);
    if (!extents.empty())
      return extents;
  }

  if (variable.isMutableBox())
    variable = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, variable);
  // Use the type shape information, and/or the fir.box/fir.class shape
  // information if any extents are not static.
  fir::SequenceType seqTy =
      hlfir::getFortranElementOrSequenceType(variable.getType())
          .cast<fir::SequenceType>();
  unsigned rank = seqTy.getShape().size();
  for (unsigned dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim)
    extents.push_back(
        computeVariableExtent(loc, builder, variable, seqTy, dim));
  return extents;
}

static mlir::Value tryRetrievingShapeOrShift(hlfir::Entity entity) {
  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>()) {
    if (auto elemental = entity.getDefiningOp<hlfir::ElementalOp>())
      return elemental.getShape();
    return mlir::Value{};
  }
  if (auto varIface = entity.getIfVariableInterface())
    return varIface.getShape();
  return {};
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genShape(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                            hlfir::Entity entity) {
  assert(entity.isArray() && "entity must be an array");
  entity = followShapeInducingSource(entity);
  assert(entity && "what?");
  if (auto shape = tryRetrievingShapeOrShift(entity)) {
    if (shape.getType().isa<fir::ShapeType>())
      return shape;
    if (shape.getType().isa<fir::ShapeShiftType>())
      if (auto s = shape.getDefiningOp<fir::ShapeShiftOp>())
        return builder.create<fir::ShapeOp>(loc, s.getExtents());
  }
  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>())
    return builder.create<hlfir::ShapeOfOp>(loc, entity.getBase());
  // There is no shape lying around for this entity. Retrieve the extents and
  // build a new fir.shape.
  return builder.create<fir::ShapeOp>(loc,
                                      getVariableExtents(loc, builder, entity));
}

llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value>
hlfir::getIndexExtents(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                       mlir::Value shape) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> extents =
      hlfir::getExplicitExtentsFromShape(shape, builder);
  mlir::Type indexType = builder.getIndexType();
  for (auto &extent : extents)
    extent = builder.createConvert(loc, indexType, extent);
  return extents;
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genExtent(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                             hlfir::Entity entity, unsigned dim) {
  entity = followShapeInducingSource(entity);
  if (auto shape = tryRetrievingShapeOrShift(entity)) {
    auto extents = hlfir::getExplicitExtentsFromShape(shape, builder);
    if (!extents.empty()) {
      assert(extents.size() > dim && "bad inquiry");
      return extents[dim];
    }
  }
  if (entity.isVariable()) {
    if (entity.isMutableBox())
      entity = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);
    // Use the type shape information, and/or the fir.box/fir.class shape
    // information if any extents are not static.
    fir::SequenceType seqTy =
        hlfir::getFortranElementOrSequenceType(entity.getType())
            .cast<fir::SequenceType>();
    return computeVariableExtent(loc, builder, entity, seqTy, dim);
  }
  TODO(loc, "get extent from HLFIR expr without producer holding the shape");
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genLBound(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                             hlfir::Entity entity, unsigned dim) {
  if (!entity.hasNonDefaultLowerBounds())
    return builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, builder.getIndexType(), 1);
  if (auto shape = tryRetrievingShapeOrShift(entity)) {
    auto lbounds = getExplicitLboundsFromShape(shape);
    if (!lbounds.empty()) {
      assert(lbounds.size() > dim && "bad inquiry");
      return lbounds[dim];
    }
  }
  if (entity.isMutableBox())
    entity = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);
  assert(entity.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>() && "must be a box");
  mlir::Type idxTy = builder.getIndexType();
  mlir::Value dimVal = builder.createIntegerConstant(loc, idxTy, dim);
  auto dimInfo =
      builder.create<fir::BoxDimsOp>(loc, idxTy, idxTy, idxTy, entity, dimVal);
  return dimInfo.getLowerBound();
}

void hlfir::genLengthParameters(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                Entity entity,
                                llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Value> &result) {
  if (!entity.hasLengthParameters())
    return;
  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>()) {
    mlir::Value expr = entity;
    if (auto reassoc = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::NoReassocOp>())
      expr = reassoc.getVal();
    // Going through fir::ExtendedValue would create a temp,
    // which is not desired for an inquiry.
    // TODO: make this an interface when adding further character producing ops.
    if (auto concat = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::ConcatOp>()) {
      result.push_back(concat.getLength());
      return;
    } else if (auto concat = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::SetLengthOp>()) {
      result.push_back(concat.getLength());
      return;
    } else if (auto asExpr = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::AsExprOp>()) {
      hlfir::genLengthParameters(loc, builder, hlfir::Entity{asExpr.getVar()},
                                 result);
      return;
    } else if (auto elemental = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::ElementalOp>()) {
      result.append(elemental.getTypeparams().begin(),
                    elemental.getTypeparams().end());
      return;
    } else if (auto apply = expr.getDefiningOp<hlfir::ApplyOp>()) {
      result.append(apply.getTypeparams().begin(), apply.getTypeparams().end());
      return;
    }
    if (entity.isCharacter()) {
      result.push_back(builder.create<hlfir::GetLengthOp>(loc, expr));
      return;
    }
    TODO(loc, "inquire PDTs length parameters of hlfir.expr");
  }

  if (entity.isCharacter()) {
    result.push_back(genCharacterVariableLength(loc, builder, entity));
    return;
  }
  TODO(loc, "inquire PDTs length parameters in HLFIR");
}

mlir::Value hlfir::genCharLength(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                 hlfir::Entity entity) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 1> lenParams;
  genLengthParameters(loc, builder, entity, lenParams);
  assert(lenParams.size() == 1 && "characters must have one length parameters");
  return lenParams[0];
}

// Return a "shape" that can be used in fir.embox/fir.rebox with \p exv base.
static mlir::Value asEmboxShape(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                const fir::ExtendedValue &exv,
                                mlir::Value shape) {
  if (!shape)
    return shape;
  // fir.rebox does not need and does not accept extents (fir.shape or
  // fir.shape_shift) since this information is already in the input fir.box,
  // it only accepts fir.shift because local lower bounds may not be reflected
  // in the fir.box.
  if (fir::getBase(exv).getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>() &&
      !shape.getType().isa<fir::ShiftType>())
    return builder.createShape(loc, exv);
  return shape;
}

std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value> hlfir::genVariableFirBaseShapeAndParams(
    mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder, Entity entity,
    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Value> &typeParams) {
  auto [exv, cleanup] = translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, entity);
  assert(!cleanup && "variable to Exv should not produce cleanup");
  if (entity.hasLengthParameters()) {
    auto params = fir::getTypeParams(exv);
    typeParams.append(params.begin(), params.end());
  }
  if (entity.isScalar())
    return {fir::getBase(exv), mlir::Value{}};
  if (auto variableInterface = entity.getIfVariableInterface())
    return {fir::getBase(exv),
            asEmboxShape(loc, builder, exv, variableInterface.getShape())};
  return {fir::getBase(exv), builder.createShape(loc, exv)};
}

hlfir::Entity hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(mlir::Location loc,
                                                  fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                                  Entity entity) {
  if (entity.isMutableBox()) {
    hlfir::Entity boxLoad{builder.create<fir::LoadOp>(loc, entity)};
    if (entity.isScalar()) {
      if (!entity.isPolymorphic() && !entity.hasLengthParameters())
        return hlfir::Entity{builder.create<fir::BoxAddrOp>(loc, boxLoad)};
      mlir::Type elementType = boxLoad.getFortranElementType();
      if (auto charType = elementType.dyn_cast<fir::CharacterType>()) {
        mlir::Value base = builder.create<fir::BoxAddrOp>(loc, boxLoad);
        if (charType.hasConstantLen())
          return hlfir::Entity{base};
        mlir::Value len = genCharacterVariableLength(loc, builder, entity);
        auto boxCharType =
            fir::BoxCharType::get(builder.getContext(), charType.getFKind());
        return hlfir::Entity{
            builder.create<fir::EmboxCharOp>(loc, boxCharType, base, len)
                .getResult()};
      }
    }
    // Otherwise, the entity is either an array, a polymorphic entity, or a
    // derived type with length parameters. All these entities require a fir.box
    // or fir.class to hold bounds, dynamic type or length parameter
    // information. Keep them boxed.
    return boxLoad;
  } else if (entity.isProcedurePointer()) {
    return hlfir::Entity{builder.create<fir::LoadOp>(loc, entity)};
  }
  return entity;
}

mlir::Type hlfir::getVariableElementType(hlfir::Entity variable) {
  assert(variable.isVariable() && "entity must be a variable");
  if (variable.isScalar())
    return variable.getType();
  mlir::Type eleTy = variable.getFortranElementType();
  if (variable.isPolymorphic())
    return fir::ClassType::get(eleTy);
  if (auto charType = eleTy.dyn_cast<fir::CharacterType>()) {
    if (charType.hasDynamicLen())
      return fir::BoxCharType::get(charType.getContext(), charType.getFKind());
  } else if (fir::isRecordWithTypeParameters(eleTy)) {
    return fir::BoxType::get(eleTy);
  }
  return fir::ReferenceType::get(eleTy);
}

mlir::Type hlfir::getEntityElementType(hlfir::Entity entity) {
  if (entity.isVariable())
    return getVariableElementType(entity);
  if (entity.isScalar())
    return entity.getType();
  auto exprType = mlir::dyn_cast<hlfir::ExprType>(entity.getType());
  assert(exprType && "array value must be an hlfir.expr");
  return exprType.getElementExprType();
}

static hlfir::ExprType getArrayExprType(mlir::Type elementType,
                                        mlir::Value shape, bool isPolymorphic) {
  unsigned rank = shape.getType().cast<fir::ShapeType>().getRank();
  hlfir::ExprType::Shape typeShape(rank, hlfir::ExprType::getUnknownExtent());
  if (auto shapeOp = shape.getDefiningOp<fir::ShapeOp>())
    for (auto extent : llvm::enumerate(shapeOp.getExtents()))
      if (auto cstExtent = fir::getIntIfConstant(extent.value()))
        typeShape[extent.index()] = *cstExtent;
  return hlfir::ExprType::get(elementType.getContext(), typeShape, elementType,
                              isPolymorphic);
}

hlfir::ElementalOp hlfir::genElementalOp(
    mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder, mlir::Type elementType,
    mlir::Value shape, mlir::ValueRange typeParams,
    const ElementalKernelGenerator &genKernel, bool isUnordered,
    mlir::Value polymorphicMold, mlir::Type exprType) {
  if (!exprType)
    exprType = getArrayExprType(elementType, shape, !!polymorphicMold);
  auto elementalOp = builder.create<hlfir::ElementalOp>(
      loc, exprType, shape, polymorphicMold, typeParams, isUnordered);
  auto insertPt = builder.saveInsertionPoint();
  builder.setInsertionPointToStart(elementalOp.getBody());
  mlir::Value elementResult = genKernel(loc, builder, elementalOp.getIndices());
  // Numerical and logical scalars may be lowered to another type than the
  // Fortran expression type (e.g i1 instead of fir.logical). Array expression
  // values are typed according to their Fortran type. Insert a cast if needed
  // here.
  if (fir::isa_trivial(elementResult.getType()))
    elementResult = builder.createConvert(loc, elementType, elementResult);
  builder.create<hlfir::YieldElementOp>(loc, elementResult);
  builder.restoreInsertionPoint(insertPt);
  return elementalOp;
}

// TODO: we do not actually need to clone the YieldElementOp,
// because returning its getElementValue() operand should be enough
// for all callers of this function.
hlfir::YieldElementOp
hlfir::inlineElementalOp(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                         hlfir::ElementalOp elemental,
                         mlir::ValueRange oneBasedIndices) {
  // hlfir.elemental region is a SizedRegion<1>.
  assert(elemental.getRegion().hasOneBlock() &&
         "expect elemental region to have one block");
  mlir::IRMapping mapper;
  mapper.map(elemental.getIndices(), oneBasedIndices);
  mlir::Operation *newOp;
  for (auto &op : elemental.getRegion().back().getOperations())
    newOp = builder.clone(op, mapper);
  auto yield = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<hlfir::YieldElementOp>(newOp);
  assert(yield && "last ElementalOp operation must be am hlfir.yield_element");
  return yield;
}

mlir::Value hlfir::inlineElementalOp(
    mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
    hlfir::ElementalOpInterface elemental, mlir::ValueRange oneBasedIndices,
    mlir::IRMapping &mapper,
    const std::function<bool(hlfir::ElementalOp)> &mustRecursivelyInline) {
  mlir::Region &region = elemental.getElementalRegion();
  // hlfir.elemental region is a SizedRegion<1>.
  assert(region.hasOneBlock() && "elemental region must have one block");
  mapper.map(elemental.getIndices(), oneBasedIndices);
  for (auto &op : region.front().without_terminator()) {
    if (auto apply = mlir::dyn_cast<hlfir::ApplyOp>(op))
      if (auto appliedElemental =
              apply.getExpr().getDefiningOp<hlfir::ElementalOp>())
        if (mustRecursivelyInline(appliedElemental)) {
          llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> clonedApplyIndices;
          for (auto indice : apply.getIndices())
            clonedApplyIndices.push_back(mapper.lookupOrDefault(indice));
          hlfir::ElementalOpInterface elementalIface =
              mlir::cast<hlfir::ElementalOpInterface>(
                  appliedElemental.getOperation());
          mlir::Value inlined = inlineElementalOp(loc, builder, elementalIface,
                                                  clonedApplyIndices, mapper,
                                                  mustRecursivelyInline);
          mapper.map(apply.getResult(), inlined);
          continue;
        }
    (void)builder.clone(op, mapper);
  }
  return mapper.lookupOrDefault(elemental.getElementEntity());
}

hlfir::LoopNest hlfir::genLoopNest(mlir::Location loc,
                                   fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                   mlir::ValueRange extents, bool isUnordered) {
  hlfir::LoopNest loopNest;
  assert(!extents.empty() && "must have at least one extent");
  auto insPt = builder.saveInsertionPoint();
  loopNest.oneBasedIndices.assign(extents.size(), mlir::Value{});
  // Build loop nest from column to row.
  auto one = builder.create<mlir::arith::ConstantIndexOp>(loc, 1);
  mlir::Type indexType = builder.getIndexType();
  unsigned dim = extents.size() - 1;
  for (auto extent : llvm::reverse(extents)) {
    auto ub = builder.createConvert(loc, indexType, extent);
    loopNest.innerLoop =
        builder.create<fir::DoLoopOp>(loc, one, ub, one, isUnordered);
    builder.setInsertionPointToStart(loopNest.innerLoop.getBody());
    // Reverse the indices so they are in column-major order.
    loopNest.oneBasedIndices[dim--] = loopNest.innerLoop.getInductionVar();
    if (!loopNest.outerLoop)
      loopNest.outerLoop = loopNest.innerLoop;
  }
  builder.restoreInsertionPoint(insPt);
  return loopNest;
}

static fir::ExtendedValue
translateVariableToExtendedValue(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                 hlfir::Entity variable,
                                 bool forceHlfirBase = false) {
  assert(variable.isVariable() && "must be a variable");
  /// When going towards FIR, use the original base value to avoid
  /// introducing descriptors at runtime when they are not required.
  mlir::Value base =
      forceHlfirBase ? variable.getBase() : variable.getFirBase();
  if (variable.isMutableBox())
    return fir::MutableBoxValue(base, getExplicitTypeParams(variable),
                                fir::MutableProperties{});

  if (base.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>()) {
    if (!variable.isSimplyContiguous() || variable.isPolymorphic() ||
        variable.isDerivedWithLengthParameters() || variable.isOptional()) {
      llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> nonDefaultLbounds =
          getNonDefaultLowerBounds(loc, builder, variable);
      return fir::BoxValue(base, nonDefaultLbounds,
                           getExplicitTypeParams(variable));
    }
    // Otherwise, the variable can be represented in a fir::ExtendedValue
    // without the overhead of a fir.box.
    base = genVariableRawAddress(loc, builder, variable);
  }

  if (variable.isScalar()) {
    if (variable.isCharacter()) {
      if (base.getType().isa<fir::BoxCharType>())
        return genUnboxChar(loc, builder, base);
      mlir::Value len = genCharacterVariableLength(loc, builder, variable);
      return fir::CharBoxValue{base, len};
    }
    return base;
  }
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> extents;
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> nonDefaultLbounds;
  if (variable.getType().isa<fir::BaseBoxType>() &&
      !variable.getIfVariableInterface()) {
    // This special case avoids generating two sets of identical
    // fir.box_dim to get both the lower bounds and extents.
    genLboundsAndExtentsFromBox(loc, builder, variable, nonDefaultLbounds,
                                &extents);
  } else {
    extents = getVariableExtents(loc, builder, variable);
    nonDefaultLbounds = getNonDefaultLowerBounds(loc, builder, variable);
  }
  if (variable.isCharacter())
    return fir::CharArrayBoxValue{
        base, genCharacterVariableLength(loc, builder, variable), extents,
        nonDefaultLbounds};
  return fir::ArrayBoxValue{base, extents, nonDefaultLbounds};
}

fir::ExtendedValue
hlfir::translateToExtendedValue(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                fir::FortranVariableOpInterface var,
                                bool forceHlfirBase) {
  return translateVariableToExtendedValue(loc, builder, var, forceHlfirBase);
}

std::pair<fir::ExtendedValue, std::optional<hlfir::CleanupFunction>>
hlfir::translateToExtendedValue(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                hlfir::Entity entity) {
  if (entity.isVariable())
    return {translateVariableToExtendedValue(loc, builder, entity),
            std::nullopt};

  if (entity.isProcedure()) {
    if (fir::isCharacterProcedureTuple(entity.getType())) {
      auto [boxProc, len] = fir::factory::extractCharacterProcedureTuple(
          builder, loc, entity, /*openBoxProc=*/false);
      return {fir::CharBoxValue{boxProc, len}, std::nullopt};
    }
    return {static_cast<mlir::Value>(entity), std::nullopt};
  }

  if (entity.getType().isa<hlfir::ExprType>()) {
    mlir::NamedAttribute byRefAttr = fir::getAdaptToByRefAttr(builder);
    hlfir::AssociateOp associate = hlfir::genAssociateExpr(
        loc, builder, entity, entity.getType(), "", byRefAttr);
    auto *bldr = &builder;
    hlfir::CleanupFunction cleanup = [bldr, loc, associate]() -> void {
      bldr->create<hlfir::EndAssociateOp>(loc, associate);
    };
    hlfir::Entity temp{associate.getBase()};
    return {translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, temp).first, cleanup};
  }
  return {{static_cast<mlir::Value>(entity)}, {}};
}

std::pair<fir::ExtendedValue, std::optional<hlfir::CleanupFunction>>
hlfir::convertToValue(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                      hlfir::Entity entity) {
  // Load scalar references to integer, logical, real, or complex value
  // to an mlir value, dereference allocatable and pointers, and get rid
  // of fir.box that are not needed or create a copy into contiguous memory.
  auto derefedAndLoadedEntity = loadTrivialScalar(loc, builder, entity);
  return translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, derefedAndLoadedEntity);
}

static fir::ExtendedValue placeTrivialInMemory(mlir::Location loc,
                                               fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                                               mlir::Value val,
                                               mlir::Type targetType) {
  auto temp = builder.createTemporary(loc, targetType);
  if (targetType != val.getType())
    builder.createStoreWithConvert(loc, val, temp);
  else
    builder.create<fir::StoreOp>(loc, val, temp);
  return temp;
}

std::pair<fir::ExtendedValue, std::optional<hlfir::CleanupFunction>>
hlfir::convertToBox(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                    hlfir::Entity entity, mlir::Type targetType) {
  // fir::factory::createBoxValue is not meant to deal with procedures.
  // Dereference procedure pointers here.
  if (entity.isProcedurePointer())
    entity = hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);

  auto [exv, cleanup] = translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, entity);
  // Procedure entities should not go through createBoxValue that embox
  // object entities. Return the fir.boxproc directly.
  if (entity.isProcedure())
    return {exv, cleanup};
  mlir::Value base = fir::getBase(exv);
  if (fir::isa_trivial(base.getType()))
    exv = placeTrivialInMemory(loc, builder, base, targetType);
  fir::BoxValue box = fir::factory::createBoxValue(builder, loc, exv);
  return {box, cleanup};
}

std::pair<fir::ExtendedValue, std::optional<hlfir::CleanupFunction>>
hlfir::convertToAddress(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                        hlfir::Entity entity, mlir::Type targetType) {
  hlfir::Entity derefedEntity =
      hlfir::derefPointersAndAllocatables(loc, builder, entity);
  auto [exv, cleanup] =
      hlfir::translateToExtendedValue(loc, builder, derefedEntity);
  mlir::Value base = fir::getBase(exv);
  if (fir::isa_trivial(base.getType()))
    exv = placeTrivialInMemory(loc, builder, base, targetType);
  return {exv, cleanup};
}

/// Clone:
/// ```
/// hlfir.elemental_addr %shape : !fir.shape<1> {
///   ^bb0(%i : index)
///    .....
///    %hlfir.yield %scalarAddress : fir.ref<T>
/// }
/// ```
//
/// into
///
/// ```
/// %expr = hlfir.elemental %shape : (!fir.shape<1>) -> hlfir.expr<?xT> {
///   ^bb0(%i : index)
///    .....
///    %value = fir.load %scalarAddress : fir.ref<T>
///    %hlfir.yield_element %value : T
///  }
/// ```
hlfir::ElementalOp
hlfir::cloneToElementalOp(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                          hlfir::ElementalAddrOp elementalAddrOp) {
  hlfir::Entity scalarAddress =
      hlfir::Entity{mlir::cast<hlfir::YieldOp>(
                        elementalAddrOp.getBody().back().getTerminator())
                        .getEntity()};
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 1> typeParams;
  hlfir::genLengthParameters(loc, builder, scalarAddress, typeParams);

  builder.setInsertionPointAfter(elementalAddrOp);
  auto genKernel = [&](mlir::Location l, fir::FirOpBuilder &b,
                       mlir::ValueRange oneBasedIndices) -> hlfir::Entity {
    mlir::IRMapping mapper;
    mapper.map(elementalAddrOp.getIndices(), oneBasedIndices);
    mlir::Operation *newOp = nullptr;
    for (auto &op : elementalAddrOp.getBody().back().getOperations())
      newOp = b.clone(op, mapper);
    auto newYielOp = mlir::dyn_cast_or_null<hlfir::YieldOp>(newOp);
    assert(newYielOp && "hlfir.elemental_addr is ill formed");
    hlfir::Entity newAddr{newYielOp.getEntity()};
    newYielOp->erase();
    return hlfir::loadTrivialScalar(l, b, newAddr);
  };
  mlir::Type elementType = scalarAddress.getFortranElementType();
  return hlfir::genElementalOp(loc, builder, elementType,
                               elementalAddrOp.getShape(), typeParams,
                               genKernel, !elementalAddrOp.isOrdered());
}

bool hlfir::elementalOpMustProduceTemp(hlfir::ElementalOp elemental) {
  for (mlir::Operation *useOp : elemental->getUsers())
    if (auto destroy = mlir::dyn_cast<hlfir::DestroyOp>(useOp))
      if (destroy.mustFinalizeExpr())
        return true;

  return false;
}

std::pair<hlfir::Entity, mlir::Value>
hlfir::createTempFromMold(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                          hlfir::Entity mold) {
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lenParams;
  hlfir::genLengthParameters(loc, builder, mold, lenParams);
  llvm::StringRef tmpName{".tmp"};
  mlir::Value alloc;
  mlir::Value isHeapAlloc;
  mlir::Value shape{};
  fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr declAttrs;

  if (mold.isPolymorphic()) {
    // Create unallocated polymorphic temporary using the dynamic type
    // of the mold. The static type of the temporary matches
    // the static type of the mold, but then the dynamic type
    // of the mold is applied to the temporary's descriptor.

    if (mold.isArray())
      hlfir::genShape(loc, builder, mold);

    // Create polymorphic allocatable box on the stack.
    mlir::Type boxHeapType = fir::HeapType::get(fir::unwrapRefType(
        mlir::cast<fir::BaseBoxType>(mold.getType()).getEleTy()));
    // The box must be initialized, because AllocatableApplyMold
    // may read its contents (e.g. for checking whether it is allocated).
    alloc = fir::factory::genNullBoxStorage(builder, loc,
                                            fir::ClassType::get(boxHeapType));
    // The temporary is unallocated even after AllocatableApplyMold below.
    // If the temporary is used as assignment LHS it will be automatically
    // allocated on the heap, as long as we use Assign family
    // runtime functions. So set MustFree to true.
    isHeapAlloc = builder.createBool(loc, true);
    declAttrs = fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr::get(
        builder.getContext(), fir::FortranVariableFlagsEnum::allocatable);
  } else if (mold.isArray()) {
    mlir::Type sequenceType =
        hlfir::getFortranElementOrSequenceType(mold.getType());
    shape = hlfir::genShape(loc, builder, mold);
    auto extents = hlfir::getIndexExtents(loc, builder, shape);
    alloc = builder.createHeapTemporary(loc, sequenceType, tmpName, extents,
                                        lenParams);
    isHeapAlloc = builder.createBool(loc, true);
  } else {
    alloc = builder.createTemporary(loc, mold.getFortranElementType(), tmpName,
                                    /*shape=*/std::nullopt, lenParams);
    isHeapAlloc = builder.createBool(loc, false);
  }
  auto declareOp = builder.create<hlfir::DeclareOp>(loc, alloc, tmpName, shape,
                                                    lenParams, declAttrs);
  if (mold.isPolymorphic()) {
    int rank = mold.getRank();
    // TODO: should probably read rank from the mold.
    if (rank < 0)
      TODO(loc, "create temporary for assumed rank polymorphic");
    fir::runtime::genAllocatableApplyMold(builder, loc, alloc,
                                          mold.getFirBase(), rank);
  }

  return {hlfir::Entity{declareOp.getBase()}, isHeapAlloc};
}

hlfir::EntityWithAttributes
hlfir::convertCharacterKind(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                            hlfir::Entity scalarChar, int toKind) {
  auto src = hlfir::convertToAddress(loc, builder, scalarChar,
                                     scalarChar.getFortranElementType());
  assert(src.first.getCharBox() && "must be scalar character");
  fir::CharBoxValue res = fir::factory::convertCharacterKind(
      builder, loc, *src.first.getCharBox(), toKind);
  if (src.second.has_value())
    src.second.value()();

  return hlfir::EntityWithAttributes{builder.create<hlfir::DeclareOp>(
      loc, res.getAddr(), ".temp.kindconvert", /*shape=*/nullptr,
      /*typeparams=*/mlir::ValueRange{res.getLen()},
      fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr{})};
}

std::pair<hlfir::Entity, std::optional<hlfir::CleanupFunction>>
hlfir::genTypeAndKindConvert(mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                             hlfir::Entity source, mlir::Type toType,
                             bool preserveLowerBounds) {
  mlir::Type fromType = source.getFortranElementType();
  toType = hlfir::getFortranElementType(toType);
  if (!toType || fromType == toType ||
      !(fir::isa_trivial(toType) || mlir::isa<fir::CharacterType>(toType)))
    return {source, std::nullopt};

  std::optional<int> toKindCharConvert;
  if (auto toCharTy = mlir::dyn_cast<fir::CharacterType>(toType)) {
    if (auto fromCharTy = mlir::dyn_cast<fir::CharacterType>(fromType))
      if (toCharTy.getFKind() != fromCharTy.getFKind()) {
        toKindCharConvert = toCharTy.getFKind();
        // Preserve source length (padding/truncation will occur in assignment
        // if needed).
        toType = fir::CharacterType::get(
            fromType.getContext(), toCharTy.getFKind(), fromCharTy.getLen());
      }
    // Do not convert in case of character length mismatch only, hlfir.assign
    // deals with it.
    if (!toKindCharConvert)
      return {source, std::nullopt};
  }

  if (source.getRank() == 0) {
    mlir::Value cast = toKindCharConvert
                           ? mlir::Value{hlfir::convertCharacterKind(
                                 loc, builder, source, *toKindCharConvert)}
                           : builder.convertWithSemantics(loc, toType, source);
    return {hlfir::Entity{cast}, std::nullopt};
  }

  mlir::Value shape = hlfir::genShape(loc, builder, source);
  auto genKernel = [source, toType, toKindCharConvert](
                       mlir::Location loc, fir::FirOpBuilder &builder,
                       mlir::ValueRange oneBasedIndices) -> hlfir::Entity {
    auto elementPtr =
        hlfir::getElementAt(loc, builder, source, oneBasedIndices);
    auto val = hlfir::loadTrivialScalar(loc, builder, elementPtr);
    if (toKindCharConvert)
      return hlfir::convertCharacterKind(loc, builder, val, *toKindCharConvert);
    return hlfir::EntityWithAttributes{
        builder.convertWithSemantics(loc, toType, val)};
  };
  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 1> lenParams;
  hlfir::genLengthParameters(loc, builder, source, lenParams);
  mlir::Value convertedRhs =
      hlfir::genElementalOp(loc, builder, toType, shape, lenParams, genKernel,
                            /*isUnordered=*/true);

  if (preserveLowerBounds && source.hasNonDefaultLowerBounds()) {
    hlfir::AssociateOp associate =
        genAssociateExpr(loc, builder, hlfir::Entity{convertedRhs},
                         convertedRhs.getType(), ".tmp.keeplbounds");
    fir::ShapeOp shapeOp = associate.getShape().getDefiningOp<fir::ShapeOp>();
    assert(shapeOp && "associate shape must be a fir.shape");
    const unsigned rank = shapeOp.getExtents().size();
    llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value> lbAndExtents;
    for (unsigned dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim) {
      lbAndExtents.push_back(hlfir::genLBound(loc, builder, source, dim));
      lbAndExtents.push_back(shapeOp.getExtents()[dim]);
    }
    auto shapeShiftType = fir::ShapeShiftType::get(builder.getContext(), rank);
    mlir::Value shapeShift =
        builder.create<fir::ShapeShiftOp>(loc, shapeShiftType, lbAndExtents);
    auto declareOp = builder.create<hlfir::DeclareOp>(
        loc, associate.getFirBase(), *associate.getUniqName(), shapeShift,
        associate.getTypeparams(), /*flags=*/fir::FortranVariableFlagsAttr{});
    hlfir::Entity castWithLbounds =
        mlir::cast<fir::FortranVariableOpInterface>(declareOp.getOperation());
    fir::FirOpBuilder *bldr = &builder;
    auto cleanup = [loc, bldr, convertedRhs, associate]() {
      bldr->create<hlfir::EndAssociateOp>(loc, associate);
      bldr->create<hlfir::DestroyOp>(loc, convertedRhs);
    };
    return {castWithLbounds, cleanup};
  }

  fir::FirOpBuilder *bldr = &builder;
  auto cleanup = [loc, bldr, convertedRhs]() {
    bldr->create<hlfir::DestroyOp>(loc, convertedRhs);
  };
  return {hlfir::Entity{convertedRhs}, cleanup};
}