Update shiboken documentation.

12 files changed, 892 insertions, 10 deletions

diff --git a/doc/_templates/index.html b/doc/_templates/index.html
index 09486d7ee..cdbdee9b7 100644
--- a/doc/_templates/index.html
+++ b/doc/_templates/index.html
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 <div class="section">
   <h1>{{ project }} {{ version }}</h1>
 
-    <p>{{ project }} is a plugin for Generator Runner, this generator generates CPython code instead of boost::python code as BoostPythonGenerator does.</p>
+    <p>{{ project }} is a plugin (front-end) for Generator Runner. It generates CPython code instead of boost::python code as BoostPythonGenerator does. This way the overall size of PySide bindings can be drastically reduced.</p>
 
   <h2>Documentation</h2>
   <table class="contentstable" align="center" style="margin-left: 30px"><tr>
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
          <span class="linkdescr">for a complete overview</span></p>
      <p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("faq") }}">FAQ</a><br/>
          <span class="linkdescr">answers for frequent asked questions</span></p>
+     <p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("tutorial/introduction") }}">Tutorial</a><br/>
+         <span class="linkdescr">start here</span></p>
      <p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("commandlineoptions") }}">Command line options</a><br/>
          <span class="linkdescr">explains the few flags used to change {{ project }} behaviour</span></p>
      <p class="biglink"><a class="biglink" href="{{ pathto("typesystemvariables") }}">Type System Variables</a><br/>
diff --git a/doc/compiling.rst b/doc/compiling.rst
index d9ce2be4d..7958d573b 100644
--- a/doc/compiling.rst
+++ b/doc/compiling.rst
@@ -18,5 +18,5 @@ Building and installing
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 To build and install just follow the generic cmake instructions in
-section cmake-primer.
+section `cmake-primer <http://www.pyside.org/docs/pyside/howto-build/cmake-primer.html>`_.
 
diff --git a/doc/contents.rst b/doc/contents.rst
index 85751f6fc..f7fb39b8c 100644
--- a/doc/contents.rst
+++ b/doc/contents.rst
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Table of contents
     :maxdepth: 3
 
     faq.rst
+    tutorial/introduction.rst
     commandlineoptions.rst
     typesystemvariables.rst
     codeinjectionsemantics.rst
diff --git a/doc/faq.rst b/doc/faq.rst
index e854f4360..77e0fbdfc 100644
--- a/doc/faq.rst
+++ b/doc/faq.rst
@@ -11,11 +11,17 @@ General
 What is Shiboken?
 -----------------
 
-Shiboken is a GeneratorRunner plugin that outputs C++ code for CPython extensions.
+Shiboken is a `GeneratorRunner <http://www.pyside.org/home-binding/binding-generator>`_
+plugin that outputs C++ code for CPython extensions. The first version of PySide
+had source code based on Boost templates. It was easier to produce code but a
+paradigm change was needed, as the next question explains.
 
-Here the name generator refers actually to a program composed of a set of
-*generator classes* that output different resources based on information
-contained inside C++ header files.
+Why did you switch from Boost.Python to Shiboken?
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+The main reason was the size reduction. Boost.Python makes excessive use of templates
+resulting in a significant increase of the binaries size. On the other hand, as Shiboken
+generates CPython code, the resulting binaries are smaller.
 
 Creating bindings
 =================
@@ -38,10 +44,10 @@ What do I have to do to create my bindings?
 .. todo: put link to typesystem documentation
 
 Most of the work is already done by the API Extractor. The developer creates
-a typesystem file with any customization wanted in the generated code, like
-removing classes or changing method signatures. The generator will output
-the .h and .cpp files with the CPython code that will wrap the target
-library for python.
+a `typesystem <http://www.pyside.org/docs/apiextractor/typesystem.html>`_ file
+with any customization wanted in the generated code, like removing classes or
+changing method signatures. The generator will output the .h and .cpp files
+with the CPython code that will wrap the target library for python.
 
 Is there any recommended build system?
 --------------------------------------
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/bindinglibfoo.rst b/doc/tutorial/bindinglibfoo.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b12e53f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/bindinglibfoo.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+.. highlight:: xml
+
+.. _gentut-bindinglibfoo:
+
+Binding libfoo using Shiboken
+=============================
+
+In order to create bindings for a library based on Qt4 a number of components
+must be available on the system.
+
+  + Qt4 library (with headers and pkg-config .pc files for development -- the
+    ``-dev`` packages in a Debian distribution).
+  + Qt4 Python bindings made with :program:`shiboken`.
+  + Typesystems for the Qt4 Python bindings.
+  + Headers for the library to be bound.
+
+With the items listed above the developer must write the components from
+where the generator will gather information to create the binding source code.
+
+  + Typesystem file describing the way the binding must be done.
+  + **global.h** including all the **libfoo** headers and defining required macros.
+  + A build system to direct the process of generating, compiling and linking the
+    binding.
+
+The directory structure for the binding project could be something like the tree
+shown below:
+
+::
+
+  foobinding/
+  |-- data/
+  `-- module_dir/
+      `-- glue/
+
+
+The **data** directory should contain the **global.h** and the typesystem
+file. This typesystem need to refer to the ones used to create the Qt4 bindings,
+commonly located on **/usr/share/PySide/typesystem**, the exact location
+can be checked with pkg-config:
+
+::
+
+    $ pkg-config pyside --variable=typesystemdir
+
+
+The **module_dir** directory is the place where the sources generated should
+be placed. It starts empty except for the build instructions file (Makefile,
+Makefile.am, CMakeLists.txt, etc). The realname of this directory must be the
+same written in the typesystem file:
+
+::
+
+    <typesystem package="module_dir">
+
+
+If there is any need for handwritten source code longer than a couple of lines,
+making them unconfortable to be put on the typesystem xml file, the sources
+could be orderly placed in a **glue** directory, also referred in the
+new binding typesystem.
+
+When writing the typesystem file (more on this later) there is no need to refer
+to the other required typesystem files with absolute paths, the locations where
+they can be found could be passed to the generator through a command line
+option (``--typesystem-paths=PATH1:PATH2:[...]``) or the environment variable
+**TYPESYSTEMPATH**.
+
+For **libfoo** no glue code will be needed so this directory is not used,
+the other directories are created with proper names.
+
+::
+
+  foobinding/
+  |-- data/global.h
+  |   `--  typesystem_foo.xml
+  `-- foo/
+      `-- Makefile
+
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/buildingthebinding.rst b/doc/tutorial/buildingthebinding.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d03010ca4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/buildingthebinding.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+.. _gentut-buildingthebinding:
+
+Building The Binding
+====================
+
+As mentioned before the build system used must perform the following tasks
+in the correct order:
+
+    + Gather data about locations of headers and external needed typesystems.
+    + Run the generator with the correct parameters.
+    + Compile and link the binding.
+
+The first and last are the usual, being the second the only novelty in the
+process.
+
+Running the Generator
+---------------------
+
+The generator is called with the following parameters and options:
+
+::
+
+    $ generatorrunner --generatorSet=shiboken \
+                    global_headers.h \
+                    --include-paths=$(PATHS_TO_HEADERS)) \
+                    --typesystem-paths=$(PATHS_TO_TYPESYSTEMS) \
+                    --output-directory=. \
+                    typesystem.xml
+
+Notice that the variables for include and typesystem paths could be determined
+at build time with the pkg-config tool.
+
+Collecting information with pkg-config
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The Qt4 bindings include compile and build information through the pkg-config
+mechanism. The pkg-config name for Qt4 Python bindings is **pyside** and a
+simple ``pkg-config pyside --cflags --libs`` will retrieve the information
+needed to build the new binding.
+
+The Qt4 bindings file ``pyside.pc`` for the use of pkg-config requires
+the ``.pc`` files from Qt4 to be installed. If the library is in an unusual
+location, e.g. ``/opt/qt46``, remember to export it to the ``PKG_CONFIG_PATH``
+environment variable.
+For example: ``export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=$PKG_CONFIG_PATH:/opt/qt46/lib/pkgconfig``
+
+There is a vital information also available through pkg-config:
+the **typesystemdir** variable. It is used like this:
+``pkg-config pyside --variable=typesystemdir`` This provides information
+where to find the typesystem files used to create the Qt4 bindings, and as said
+before the binding being created needs this to complement its own binding
+information for the generation proccess.
+
+Makefile
+--------
+
+Below is a plain Makefile for the binding project.
+
+**foobinding/foo/Makefile**
+::
+
+    LIBFOO_DIR = ../../libfoo
+    LIBS = `python-config --libs` \
+        -lpyside \
+        -lfoo -L$(LIBFOO_DIR)
+    CXXFLAGS = -I/usr/share/qt4/mkspecs/linux-g++ -I. \
+            -I$(LIBFOO_DIR) \
+            -I`pkg-config --variable=includedir pyside`/QtCore/ \
+            -I`pkg-config --variable=includedir QtCore` \
+            -I`pkg-config --variable=includedir QtGui` \
+            -I`pkg-config --variable=includedir QtCore`/.. \
+            -I`python-config --includes` \
+            `pkg-config pyside --cflags` \
+            `pkg-config shiboken --cflags`
+
+    QT4TYPESYSTEM_DIR = "/usr/share/PySide/typesystem/"
+    QT4HEADER_DIRS = `pkg-config --variable=includedir QtCore`:`pkg-config --variable=includedir QtCore`/..
+
+    SOURCES = foo_module_wrapper.cpp  math_wrapper.cpp
+    OBJECTS = foo_module_wrapper.o  math_wrapper.o
+
+    all: generate compile link
+
+    generate:
+        generatorrunner --generatorSet=shiboken \
+        ../data/global.h \
+        --include-paths=$(LIBFOO_DIR):$(QT4HEADER_DIRS):/usr/include \
+        --typesystem-paths=../data:$(QT4TYPESYSTEM_DIR) \
+        --output-directory=.. \
+        ../data/typesystem_foo.xml
+
+    compile: $(SOURCES)
+    g++ -Wall -fPIC -DPIC $(CXXFLAGS) -c foo_module_wrapper.cpp
+    g++ -Wall -fPIC -DPIC $(CXXFLAGS) -c math_wrapper.cpp
+
+    link:
+        g++ -shared -Wl,-soname,foo.so -o foo.so $(LIBS) $(OBJECTS)
+
+    test:
+        LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(LIBFOO_DIR):$LD_LIBRARY_PATH python -c \
+        "import PySide.QtCore; import foo; print dir(foo); m = foo.Math(); print \"5 squared is %d\" % m.squared(5)"
+
+    clean:
+        rm -rf *.o *.so *.?pp *.log *.h
+
+Keep in mind that the Makefile above expects the ``libfoo`` and
+``foobinding`` directories to be in the same level in the directory
+hierarchy, remember to change any path references accordingly if
+you choose to change things.
+
+Testing the Binding
+-------------------
+Now compile the binding with ``make``:
+
+::
+
+    $ cd foobinding/foo
+    $ make
+
+To test if the new binding is working (it can pass the build phase but still
+blow up at runtime) start up a Python terminal and import it by the name.
+
+::
+
+    $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/path/to/libfoo/shared/object/dir
+    $ export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:/path/to/foo/python/module/file/dir
+    $ python
+    >> import foo
+    >> print dir(foo)
+    >> m = foo.Math()
+    >> print m.squared(5)
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/globalheader.rst b/doc/tutorial/globalheader.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e853f8c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/globalheader.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+.. highlight:: cpp
+
+.. _gentut-globalheader:
+
+The Global Header
+=================
+
+Besides the information provided by the typesystem, the generator needs to
+gather more data from the library headers containing the classes to be exposed
+in Python. If there is a header that include all the others (or just one, as is
+the case of **libfoo**) this could be passed directly to the generator.
+
+If such a file is not available, or only a subset of the library is desired, or
+if some flags must be defined before parsing the library headers, then a
+``global.h`` file must be provided.
+
+The use of a ``global.h`` file is preferred if some macros must be defined
+before the parser gather data from the headers. For example, if ``NULL`` is not
+defined and it is used as a default paramater for some constructor or method,
+the parser will not recognize it.
+
+To solve this create a ``global.h`` including all the desired headers and the
+defined (and undefined) flags as follows:
+
+**foobinding/data/global.h**
+::
+
+    #undef QT_NO_STL
+    #undef QT_NO_STL_WCHAR
+
+    #ifndef NULL
+    #define NULL    0
+    #endif
+
+    #include <foo.h>
+
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/images/generatorworkings.png b/doc/tutorial/images/generatorworkings.png
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d35a565ff
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new file mode 100644
index 000000000..85a7782af
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diff --git a/doc/tutorial/introduction.rst b/doc/tutorial/introduction.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..40240f80a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/introduction.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Binding Generation Tutorial
+***************************
+
+This tutorial intends to describe the process of binding creation with
+Shiboken and using a very simple Qt4 based library will be used as an
+example.
+
+The image below shows the inputs needed to generate the binding source code.
+
+.. image:: images/generatorworkings.png
+
+Putting in words, the user provides the headers for the library along with a
+`typesystem <http://www.pyside.org/docs/apiextractor/typesystem.html>`_ file
+describing how the classes will be exposed in the target language, as well as
+any needed custom source code to be merged with the generated source code.
+
+This tutorial will go through the steps needed to have the binding
+ready to be imported and used from a Python program. The tutorial
+source code is available as a tar ball `here <../_static/bindingexample.tar.gz>`_.
+
+**NOTE:** the binding generator is intended to be used with Qt4 based libraries
+only, at least for the time being.
+
+.. toctree::
+    :maxdepth: 3
+
+    libfoo
+    bindinglibfoo
+    typesystemcreation
+    globalheader
+    buildingthebinding
+
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/libfoo.rst b/doc/tutorial/libfoo.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bad6b014a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/libfoo.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+.. highlight:: cpp
+
+.. _gentut-libfoo:
+
+Creating the foo library
+=========================
+
+In this section it will be presented the code and the build instructions for a
+very simple Qt4 based library. It will be used as the subject for this tutorial.
+
+The Source Code
+---------------
+
+There is only one class on this foo library plus a ``.pro`` file which means
+that the build system used will be `qmake <http://doc.qt.nokia.com/4.6/qmake-manual.html>`_
+based.
+
+Put the files below in a directory called **libfoo**. Be aware that this
+directory will be referred by the binding Makefile presented in a next section
+of this tutorial. If you want to use other names or paths change the binding
+Makefile accordingly. Blind copy'n'paste shortens your life.
+
+**libfoo/foo.h**
+::
+
+    #ifndef FOO_H
+    #define FOO_H
+
+    #include <QtCore/QtCore>
+
+    class Math : public QObject
+    {
+        Q_OBJECT
+    public:
+        Math() {}
+        virtual ~Math() {}
+        int squared(int x);
+    };
+    #endif // FOO_H
+
+
+**libfoo/foo.cpp**
+::
+
+    #include "foo.h"
+
+    int Math::squared(int x)
+    {
+      return x * x;
+    }
+
+
+**libfoo/foo.pro**
+::
+
+    TEMPLATE = lib
+    TARGET = foo
+    DEPENDPATH += .
+    INCLUDEPATH += .
+    HEADERS += foo.h
+    SOURCES += foo.cpp
+
+To build the lib:
+
+::
+
+    $ cd libfoo
+    $ qmake
+    $ make
diff --git a/doc/tutorial/typesystemcreation.rst b/doc/tutorial/typesystemcreation.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..538222337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/tutorial/typesystemcreation.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+.. highlight:: xml
+
+.. _gentut-typesystem:
+
+Creating the Typesystem Description
+===================================
+
+The typesystem is an specification used when mapping a C++ based library onto a
+corresponding Python module. The specification is a handwritten XML document
+listing the types that will be available in the generated binding, modifications
+to classes and function signatures to better suit the target language,
+and listing the components that should be rejected for the binding.
+
+**PySide** uses a typesystem format similar to the one used by **QtJambi** and
+**QtScript**, thoroughly described in the page *"The Qt Jambi Type System"*. [#]_
+
+The divergences between **PySide** and QtScript/QtJambi typesystems will be
+highlighted whenever they appear. Things to be aware of when writing
+a typesystem will be also mentioned.
+
+Describing **libfoo** for Python Audiences
+------------------------------------------
+
+All typesystem files start with the root ``typesystem`` tag. The
+``package`` attribute carries the name of the package as it will be seen
+from Python.
+
+Right after that, all the typesystem files providing information required for
+the generation process are included in the same fashion as header files in C.
+
+**foobinding/data/typesystem_foo.xml**
+::
+
+    <?xml version="1.0"?>
+    <typesystem package="foo">
+        <load-typesystem name="typesystem_core.xml" generate="no"/>
+        <object-type name="Math"/>
+    </typesystem>
+
+
+The inclusion of other typesystem files is achieved with the
+``load-typesystem`` tag. The ``generate`` attribute must be set to ``"no"``
+otherwise the generator will try to create more source code for the already
+existing bindings included for reference.
+
+The C++ classes derived from **QObject** intended to be exposed in the target
+language are described with ``object-type`` tags.
+
+
+For this example binding just specifying the name of the class does the trick,
+since the generator system will automatically catch the methods with arguments
+and return value of known types. These types can be described in the same
+typesystem file or in the ones referenced with the ``load-typesystem`` tag.
+
+In more complex situations method signatures can be changed or rejected with
+other tags that can be checked out in the `typesystem <http://www.pyside.org/docs/apiextractor/typesystem.html>`_
+reference.
+
+
+Other Common Cases and Differences
+----------------------------------
+
+What follows now is some common uses of the typesystem capabilities. All of them
+can be seen in the Qt4 typesystem files. They are not used for this binding
+tutorial example, so if you just want to have things working ASAP, move along.
+
+Templates
+~~~~~~~~~
+
+To ease the process of writing custom code for the binding, recurring pieces of
+code can be turned generic with the typesystem template mechanism.
+They are declared in a way similar to this snippet:
+
+::
+
+    <template name="only_bool*_fix">
+        bool ok;
+        %RETURN_TYPE retval = self.%FUNCTION_NAME(&ok);
+    </template>
+
+And is used as in this example:
+
+::
+
+    <inject-code class="native" position="beginning">
+        <insert-template name="only_bool*_fix"/>
+    </inject-code>
+
+
+The ``typesystem_template.xml`` file from the Qt4 bindings can be used as a
+good resource for examples of this. Check also the QtJambi documentation on
+typesystem templates. [#]_
+
+Non-QObject Derived Classes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Even in a Qt4 based library it is common to find classes that doesn't
+pertain to the QObject hierarchy, these must be declared as ``value-type``:
+
+::
+
+    <value-type name="RectOrSomethingLikeThat"/>
+
+
+Unused Tags
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Some tags defined in the QtScript/QtJambi typesystem has no effect in **PySide**
+typesystem, they are:
+
+  + conversion-rule
+  + argument-map
+
+Changes to ``"inject-code"`` Tag
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can pass a file name to the **inject-code** tag so the file contents will
+be injected in the generated code.
+
+The ``class`` attribute value ``java`` was changed to ``target``, while
+``native`` remained the same.
+
+Global Functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The BoostPythonGenerator supports global functions, you can also reject these functions using
+the **rejection** tag like is done to reject classes. Just pass an empty string to
+the class attribute.
+
+::
+
+    <rejection class="" function-name="qt_noop"/>
+
+
+.. [#] http://doc.trolltech.com/qtjambi-4.4/html/com/trolltech/qt/qtjambi-typesystem.html
+.. [#] http://doc.trolltech.com/qtjambi-4.4/html/com/trolltech/qt/qtjambi-typesystem.html#using-code-templates