/**************************************************************************** ** ** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). ** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) ** ** This file is part of the QtXmlPatterns module of the Qt Toolkit. ** ** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ ** No Commercial Usage ** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. ** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions ** contained in the either Technology Preview License Agreement or the ** Beta Release License Agreement. ** ** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser ** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software ** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the ** packaging of this file. 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This header file may change from version to // version without notice, or even be removed. // // We mean it. #ifndef Patternist_Expression_H #define Patternist_Expression_H #include #include #include "qcppcastinghelper_p.h" #include "qdebug_p.h" #include "qdynamiccontext_p.h" #include "qexpressiondispatch_p.h" #include "qitem_p.h" #include "qsequencetype_p.h" #include "qsourcelocationreflection_p.h" #include "qstaticcontext_p.h" QT_BEGIN_HEADER QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE template class QList; template class QVector; namespace QPatternist { template class ListIterator; class OptimizationPass; /** * @short Base class for all AST nodes in an XPath/XQuery/XSL-T expression. * * @section ExpressionCreation Expression Compilation * * @subsection ExpressionCreationParser The process of creating an Expression * * The initial step of creating an internal representation(in some circles * called an IR tree) of the XPath string follows classic compiler design: a scanner * is invoked, resulting in tokens, which sub-sequently are consumed by a parser * which groups the tokens into rules, resulting in the creation of * Abstract Syntax Tree(AST) nodes that are arranged in a hierarchical structure * similar to the EBNF. * * More specifically, ExpressionFactory::createExpression() is called with a * pointer to a static context, and the string for the expression. This is subsequently * tokenized by a Flex scanner. Mistakes detected at this stage is syntax * errors, as well as a few semantical errors. Syntax errors can be divided * in two types: * * - The scanner detects it. An example is the expression "23Eb3" which * is not a valid number literal, or "1prefix:my-element" which is not a * valid QName. * - The parser detects it. This means a syntax error at a * higher level, that a group of tokens couldn't be reduced to a * rule(expression). An example is the expression "if(a = b) 'match' else * 'no match'"; the tokenizer would handle it fine, but the parser would * fail because the tokens could not be reduced to a rule due to the token * for the "then" word was missing. * * Apart from the syntax errors, the actions in the parser also detects * errors when creating the corresponding expressions. This is for example * that no namespace binding for a prefix could be found, or that a function * call was used which no function implementation could be found for. * * When the parser has finished, the result is an AST. That is, a * hierarchical structure consisting of Expression sub-classes. The * individual expressions haven't at this point done anything beyond * receiving their child-expressions(if any), and hence reminds of a * "construction scaffold". In other words, a tree for the expression * 'string' + 1 and xs:date('2001-03-13') could have been created, even if * that expression contains errors(one can't add a xs:integer to a xs:string, * and the Effective %Boolean Value cannot be extracted for date types). * * @subsection ExpressionCreationTypeChecking Type Checking * * After the AST creation, ExpressionFactory::createExpression continues with * calling the AST node(which is an Expression instance)'s typeCheck() * function. This step ensures that the static types of the operands matches * the operators, and in the cases where it doesn't, modifies the AST such * that the necessary conversions are done -- if possible, otherwise the * result is a type error. * * * This step corresponds roughly to what 2.2.3.1 Static Analysis Phase * labels operation tree normalization; step SQ5. * * @subsection ExpressionCreationCompression Compressing -- Optimization and Fixup * * The last step is calling compress(). This function is not called * 'optimize', 'simplify' or the like, because although it performs all * optimization, it also involves mandatory stages. * * One such is const folding, which while being an efficient optimization, * also is a necessity for many XSL-T constructs. Another important step is * that functions which had an evaluation dependency on the static context(as * opposed to the dynamic) performs their "fixup". * * In other words, this stage potentially performs AST re-writes. For example, * the expression 3 + 3, concat('foo', '-', 'bar'), true() and false() would * result in an AST corresponding to 6, 'foo-bar', false(). This process * is done backwards; each expression asks its operands to compress before it * performs its own compression(and so forth, until the root expression's call * returns to the caller). * * @see XML Path Language * (XPath) 2.0, 2.3.4 Errors and Optimization * @see XML Path * Language (XPath) 2.0, 2.2.3 Expression Processing * @see Building a Tokenizer * for XPath or XQuery * @see ExpressionFactory * @author Frans Englich * @ingroup Patternist_expressions */ class Q_AUTOTEST_EXPORT Expression : public QSharedData , public CppCastingHelper , public SourceLocationReflection { public: /** * @short A smart pointer wrapping mutable Expression instances. */ typedef QExplicitlySharedDataPointer Ptr; /** * @short A smart pointer wrapping @c const Expression instances. */ typedef QExplicitlySharedDataPointer ConstPtr; /** * A list of Expression instances, each wrapped in a smart pointer. */ typedef QList List; /** * A vector of Expression instances, each wrapped in a smart pointer. */ typedef QVector Vector; typedef QT_PREPEND_NAMESPACE(QAbstractXmlForwardIterator) QAbstractXmlForwardIterator; /** * Enum flags describing the characteristics of the expression. * * @see Expression::properties() */ enum Property { /** * This flag applies for functions, and results in the expression . * being appended to its operands if its operand count is lower than the * maximum amount of arguments. * * In effect, it result in a modification of the function's arguments to have * appended the context item. * * One function which has this property is fn:number(). * * @see ContextItem * @see XQuery 1.0 and * XPath 2.0 Functions and Operators, 1.3 Function Signatures and Descriptions */ UseContextItem = 1, /** * Disables compression(evaluation at compile time), such that the * Expression isn't const-folded, but ensured to be run at runtime. The * operands are still attempted to be compressed, unless * they override compression as well. * * @see compress() */ DisableElimination = 1 << 1, /** * Signals that the expression is already evaluated and can be considered * a constant value. * For example, atomic values return this flag in their * implementations of the properties() functions. * * @see isEvaluated() */ IsEvaluated = 1 << 2, /** * Signals that the expression cannot be optimized away by judging * its static type. * * This is currently used for properly handling the @c none type, in * the fn:error() function. In type operations, the none type doesn't show * up and that can make expressions, such as InstanceOf, believe * it is safe to const fold, while it in fact is not. */ DisableTypingDeduction = 1 << 3, /** * This property affects the static type -- staticType() -- of an expression. It * is implemented in FunctionCall::staticType() and therefore only work for FunctionCall * sub-classes and when that function is not re-implemented in an inhibiting way. * * When set, the cardinality of the static type is zero if the Expression's first * operand allows an empty sequence, otherwise it is the cardinality of the Expression's * static type modulo Cardinality::empty(). This is used for specifying proper static * type inference for functions that have "If $arg is the empty sequence, * the empty sequence is returned." However, before setting this property one * must be aware that no other conditions can lead to the empty sequence, since * otherwise the static type would be wrong. */ EmptynessFollowsChild = 1 << 4, /** * This is similar to EmptynessFollowsChild, and also implemented in FunctionCall. * When set, it makes FunctionCall::typeCheck() rewrite itself into an empty sequence * if the first operand is the empty sequence. * * This property is often used together with EmptynessFollowsChild. */ RewriteToEmptyOnEmpty = 1 << 5, /** * When set, it signals that the focus cannot be undefined. For example, * the fn:position() function extracts information from the focus. Setting * this flag ensures type checking is carried out appropriately. * * However, setting RequiresFocus does not imply this Expression requires the context * item to be defined. It only means the focus, of somekind, needs to be defined. * * @see RequiresContextItem */ RequiresFocus = 1 << 6, /** * An Expression with this Property set, signals that it only affects * the order of its return value. */ AffectsOrderOnly = 1 << 7, /** * When set, signals that the context item, must be defined for this Expression. When * setting this property, expectedContextItemType() must be re-implemented. * * Setting this property also sets RequiresFocus. * * @see DynamicContext::contextItem() */ RequiresContextItem = (1 << 8) | RequiresFocus, /** * When set, signals that this expression creates a focus for its last operand. * When set, newFocusType() must be overridden to return the static type * of the context item. * * @see announceFocusType() * @see newFocusType() */ CreatesFocusForLast = 1 << 9, /** * Signals that the last operand is a collation argument. This ensures * that the necessary code is generated for checking that the collation * is supported. * * This only applies to sub-classes of FunctionCall. */ LastOperandIsCollation = 1 << 10, /** * When set, the Expression depends on local variables such as * those found in @c for expressions. However, this does not * include let bindings. */ DependsOnLocalVariable = (1 << 11) | DisableElimination, /** * When set, it signals that the Expression does not need * an evaluation cache, despite what other flags might imply. */ EvaluationCacheRedundant = (1 << 12), /** * Signals that the Expression constructs nodes, either directly * or computationally. For example, AttributeConstructor has this property * set. * * Since node constructors constructs nodes which have node * identities, node constructors are considered creative on * evaluation. */ IsNodeConstructor = 1 << 13, /** * Whether this expression requires the current item, as returned * from @c fn:current(). * * CurrentFN uses this flag. */ RequiresCurrentItem = 1 << 14 }; /** * A QFlags template for type-safe handling of ExpressionProperty values. If * Expression::Property flags needs to be stored in a class, declared the variable * to be of type Expression::Properties. * * @see QFlags */ typedef QFlags Properties; /** * Enumerators that identifies Expression sub-classes. * * @see id() */ enum ID { /** * Identifies Boolean. */ IDBooleanValue = 1, /** * Identifies CountFN. */ IDCountFN, /** * Identifies EmptyFN. */ IDEmptyFN, /** * Identifies ExistsFN. */ IDExistsFN, /** * Identifies ExpressionSequence and LiteralSequence. */ IDExpressionSequence, /** * Identifies GeneralComparison. */ IDGeneralComparison, /** * Identifies IfThenClause. */ IDIfThenClause, /** * Identifies nothing in particular. The default implementation * of id() returns this, which is suitable for Expression instances * which never needs to be identified in this aspect. */ IDIgnorableExpression, /** * Identifies Integer. */ IDIntegerValue, /** * Identifies PositionFN. */ IDPositionFN, /** * Identifies AtomicString, AnyURI, and UntypedAtomic. */ IDStringValue, /** * Identifies ValueComparison. */ IDValueComparison, /** * Identifies VariableReference. */ IDRangeVariableReference, /** * Identifies ContextItem. */ IDContextItem, /** * Identifies UserFunctionCallsite. */ IDUserFunctionCallsite, /** * Identifies ExpressionVariableReference. */ IDExpressionVariableReference, /** * Identifies ExpressionVariableReference. */ IDAttributeConstructor, /** * Identifies UpperCaseFN. */ IDUpperCaseFN, /** * Identifies LowerCaseFN. */ IDLowerCaseFN, /** * Identifies FirstItemPredicate. */ IDFirstItemPredicate, IDEmptySequence, IDReturnOrderBy, IDLetClause, IDForClause, IDPath, IDNamespaceConstructor, IDArgumentReference, IDGenericPredicate, IDAxisStep, /** * A literal which is either @c xs:float or * @c xs:double. */ IDFloat, IDCombineNodes, IDUnresolvedVariableReference, IDCardinalityVerifier }; inline Expression() { } virtual ~Expression(); /** * Evaluate this Expression by iterating over it. This is a central function * for evaluating expressions. * * Expressions must always always return a valid QAbstractXmlForwardIterator and may * never return 0. If an empty result is of interest to be returned, the * EmptyIterator should be returned. * * The default implementation returns a SingletonIterator over the * item returned from evaluateSingleton(). * * @note This function may raise an exception when calling, not only * when QAbstractXmlForwardIterator::next() is called on the return value. This is because * in some cases evaluateSingleton() is called directly. */ virtual Item::Iterator::Ptr evaluateSequence(const DynamicContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * @todo Docs */ virtual Item evaluateSingleton(const DynamicContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * Determines the Effective %Boolean Value of the expression. * * The Effective %Boolean Value of a value is not necessarily the same * as converting the value to a new value of type xs:boolean. * * Note that this function cannot return the empty sequence, * evaluateSingleton() must be overridden in order to be able to do * that. * * The default implementation results in a type error. Hence, this function * must be overridden if such behavior is not of interest. * * @see XML Path Language (XPath) 2.0, * 2.4.3 Effective Boolean Value */ virtual bool evaluateEBV(const DynamicContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * Evaluates this Expression by sending its output to DynamicContext::outputReceiver(). */ virtual void evaluateToSequenceReceiver(const DynamicContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * @returns the expression's child expressions. For example, a function's * arguments is returned here. * * If this Expression has no operands, an empty list should be returned. */ virtual Expression::List operands() const = 0; virtual void setOperands(const Expression::List &operands) = 0; /** * @returns the static type of this Expression. For example, an 'and' expression * have as static type xs:boolean */ virtual SequenceType::Ptr staticType() const = 0; /** * Returns a list of Sequence Types, describing the type of each of the * expression's operands. Hence, this function has a relationship to * the operands() function: * * - The lengths of the lists returned by expectedOperandTypes() * and operands() should always be equal in length, since one * cannot describe the type of a non-existent operand(and all * operands must have type information). * - A significant difference between the two functions is that while * the type of objects in the list returned by operands() may vary * between compilations/static context, simply because the particular * Expression is part of different XPath expressions, the * types in the list returned by expectedOperandTypes is always the same * since the function/operator signature never changes. * * This function should not be confused with staticType(), * which returns the static type of the expression itself, not its operands. The * function call is an expression where this is clear: the type of the return * value is not the same as the arguments' types. The static type of the * operands supplied to the expression can be determined via the staticType() * function of the instances returned by operands(). * * If the expression has no operands, an empty list should be returned. */ virtual SequenceType::List expectedOperandTypes() const = 0; /** * This implementation guarantees to never rewrite away this Expression, but * at most rewrite it as a child of another expression(that presumably have a * type checking role). It is therefore always safe to override this * function and call this implementation and not worry about that this Expression * becomes deleted. * * Many Expressions override typeCheck() and performs optimizations, as opposed * to doing it in the compress() stage. This is due to that the design * of those Expressions often are tied to that certain simplifications * are done at the typeCheck() stage of the compilation process or that * it in some other way is related to what the typeCheck() do. Also, the earlier * the AST can be simplified, the better the chances are for subsequent * optimizations. * * It is important that the super class's typeCheck() is called before doing * any custom type checking, since the call can change the children(notably, * the childrens' static types). For example, if the Expression, MyExpression * in the example, does not match the required type, typeCheck returns the Expression * wrapped in for example ItemVerifier, CardinalityVerifier, or both. * * typeCheck() may be called many times. typeCheck() must either raise an error * if this Expression is an invalid expression. Thus, it is guaranteed that an Expression * is valid after typeCheck() is called. * * @param context supplies information, such as namespace bindings and * available function signatures, that can be needed at compilation time. @p context is * guaranteed by the caller to never null. * @param reqType the static type that this Expression must match when evaluated. @p reqType is * guaranteed by the caller to never null. * @returns an Expression that can be this Expression, or another expression, * which somehow is necessary for making this Expression conforming to * @p reqType */ virtual Expression::Ptr typeCheck(const StaticContext::Ptr &context, const SequenceType::Ptr &reqType); /** * compress() is the last stage performs in compiling an expression, done after * the initial AST build and calling typeCheck(). compress() performs crucial * simplifications, either by having drastic performance implications or that * some expressions depend on it for proper behavior. * * The default implementation performs a sparse conditional constant * propagation. In short, a recursive process is performed in the AST * which examines if the Expression's operands are constant values, and if so, * performs a const fold(AST rewrite) into the result of evaluating the expression * in question. This default behavior can be disabled by letting properties() return * DisableElimination. * * This compress() stage can be relative effective due to the design of XPath, in * part because intrinsic functions are heavily used. Many Expressions override compress() * and do optimizations specific to what they do. Also, many Expressions performs * optimizations in their typeCheck(). * * @param context the static context. Supplies compile time information, and is * the channel for communicating error messages. * @see Wikipedia, * the free encyclopedia, Sparse conditional constant propagation * @see Wikipedia, * the free encyclopedia, Intrinsic function * @see Wikipedia, the * free encyclopedia, Compiler optimization */ virtual Expression::Ptr compress(const StaticContext::Ptr &context); /** * @returns a bitwise OR'd value of properties, describing the * characteristics of the expression. These properties affects how * this Expression is treated in for example type checking stages. * * The default implementation returns 0. Override and let the function return * a different value, if that's of interest. * * An important decision when re-implementing properties() is whether * to OR in the properties() of ones operands. For instance, if an * operand has RequiresFocus set, that flag nost likely applies to the * apparent as well, since it depends on its operand. * * @see deepProperties() * @returns Expression::None, meaning no special properties */ virtual Properties properties() const; /** * Recursively computes through all descendants until a Property * is encount */ virtual Properties dependencies() const; /** * @short Computes the union of properties for this Expression and all * its descending children. * * @see properties() */ Properties deepProperties() const; /** * This function is a utility function, which performs bitwise logic * on properties() in order to find out whether the Expression::IsEvaluated * flag is set. * * @note Do not attempt to re-implement this function. Instead, return the * IsEvaluated flag by re-implementing the properties() function. */ inline bool isEvaluated() const; /** * This function is a utility function, syntactic sugar for determining * whether this Expression is @p id. For example, calling is(IDIfThenClause) * is equivalent to id() == IDIfThenClause * * @note Do not attempt to re-implement this function. Instead, return the * appropriate flag in the virtual id() function. */ inline bool is(const ID id) const; /** * Determines whether this Expression has Property @p prop set. * * Calling expr->has(MyProperty) is semantically equivalent * to expr->properties().testFlag(MyProperty). In * other words, has(), as well as is(), provides syntacti sugar * and makes code more readable. * * @note Do not attempt to re-implement this function. Instead, return * the appropriate flag by re-implementing the properties() function. */ inline bool has(const Property prop) const; inline bool hasDependency(const Property prop) const; virtual ExpressionVisitorResult::Ptr accept(const ExpressionVisitor::Ptr &visitor) const = 0; /** * This property, which has no setter, returns an enum value that uniquely identifies * this Expression. Patternist makes no use of C++'s dynamic_cast feature, but uses this * polymorphic function instead. * * @returns always IgnorableExpression. */ virtual ID id() const; /** * Returns the OptimizationPasses that applies for this Expression. The * default implementation returns an empty list. Sub-classes can re-implement * this function and return actual OptimizationPasses. * * @returns always an empty list. */ virtual QList > optimizationPasses() const; /** * Returns the required type the context item must be an instance of. * * If this Expression requires a focus, meaning its properties() * function returns RequiresContextItem, * it must return a type from this function. If any type is ok, BuiltinTypes::item should be * returned. * * In other words, this function must only be re-implemented if the focus is used. The default * implementation performs an assert crash. */ virtual ItemType::Ptr expectedContextItemType() const; /** * If an Expression creates a focus because it has set the property CreatesFocusForLast, * it should override this function and make it return the ItemType that * the context item in the focus has. * * @returns never @c null. * @see announceFocusType() */ virtual ItemType::Ptr newFocusType() const; /** * @short Returns @c this. */ virtual const SourceLocationReflection *actualReflection() const; /** * Reimplementation of SourceLocationReflection::description(). */ virtual QString description() const; /** * When this function is called, it signals that the parent will create * a focus of type @p itemType. * * This type can also be retrieved through StaticContext::contextItemType() * when inside typeCheck(), but in some cases this is too late. For * instance, a parent needs to have the static type of its child * properly reported before it calls its typeCheck()(and the child's * type is inferred from the focus). * * The default implementation delegates the call on to the children. * * This function may be called at arbitrary times, in arbitrary * amounts. * * If the AST node overriding this call has children, it should be * considered whether the default implementation should be called, such * that they type is announced to them too. * * The caller guarantees that @p itemType is not @c null. */ virtual void announceFocusType(const ItemType::Ptr &itemType); /** * This function take the two Expression pointers @p old and @p New, and * in a safe way, by handling reference counting and being aware of whether * the two pointers actually are different, switches the two. When compiling * in debug mode, informative debug messages are printed. * * This function is conceptually similar to Qt's qSwap(), but has * debugging functionality and also handles source locations. */ static inline void rewrite(Expression::Ptr &old, const Expression::Ptr &New, const StaticContext::Ptr &context); /** * @short Rewrites this Expression to @p to, and return @p to. * * Source location annotations are adjusted appropriately. */ inline const Expression::Ptr &rewrite(const Expression::Ptr &to, const StaticContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * By default 0.5 is returned. */ virtual PatternPriority patternPriority() const; protected: /** * @returns @c true if all operands are constant values of somekind, and are already * evaluated. A string literal, is a typical example. */ virtual bool compressOperands(const StaticContext::Ptr &) = 0; void typeCheckOperands(const StaticContext::Ptr &context); private: static Expression::Ptr invokeOptimizers(const Expression::Ptr &expr, const StaticContext::Ptr &context); /** * @return a StaticContext that has adopted the context item type properly * for this Expression. */ inline StaticContext::Ptr finalizeStaticContext(const StaticContext::Ptr &context) const; /** * @short Performs constant propagation, also called constant folding, on this expression. * * This means that it attempts to evaluate this expression at compile and returns the result value * appropriately as an Expression. For example, for the XPath expression * 1 + 3 would an Integer of value 4 would be returned. * * It is not checked whether constant propagation is possible, the * caller is responsible for this. * * @see Constant folding, * From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia */ Expression::Ptr constantPropagate(const StaticContext::Ptr &context) const; Q_DISABLE_COPY(Expression) }; Q_DECLARE_OPERATORS_FOR_FLAGS(Expression::Properties) inline bool Expression::is(const Expression::ID i) const { return id() == i; } inline bool Expression::isEvaluated() const { return has(IsEvaluated); } inline bool Expression::has(const Expression::Property prop) const { return properties().testFlag(prop); } inline bool Expression::hasDependency(const Expression::Property prop) const { return dependencies().testFlag(prop); } inline void Expression::rewrite(Expression::Ptr &old, const Expression::Ptr &New, const StaticContext::Ptr &context) { Q_ASSERT(old); Q_ASSERT(New); if(old != New) { pDebug() << "AST REWRITE:" << old.data() << "to" << New.data() << '(' << old->actualReflection() << "to" << New->actualReflection() << ", " << old->description() << "to" << New->description() << ')'; /* The order of these two lines is significant.. */ context->addLocation(New.data(), context->locationFor(old->actualReflection())); old = New; } } inline const Expression::Ptr &Expression::rewrite(const Expression::Ptr &to, const StaticContext::Ptr &context) const { context->addLocation(to.data(), context->locationFor(this)); return to; } } Q_DECLARE_TYPEINFO(QPatternist::Expression::Ptr, Q_MOVABLE_TYPE); QT_END_NAMESPACE QT_END_HEADER #endif