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authorCasper van Donderen <casper.vandonderen@nokia.com>2012-04-27 15:18:27 +0200
committerQt by Nokia <qt-info@nokia.com>2012-04-28 13:53:46 +0200
commit00b961c37f82977615ab9c4d03e185229cc55154 (patch)
treebc9012d3ac08c19f2a66b5733dd8450506742243 /doc/src/sql/sql-programming/sql-programming.qdoc
parent82fa92b23cca834481571f0b0a5d66bc33a672e9 (diff)
Doc: Fix most qdoc errors in QtSql.
- Move 2 images from qtdoc. - Add "make docs" command for qtsql - Fix qdoc command usage errors. Change-Id: Id2f0548d09ed8f77b2317863d443c19d1cccdd83 Reviewed-by: Lars Knoll <lars.knoll@nokia.com>
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-/****************************************************************************
-**
-** Copyright (C) 2012 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
-** Contact: http://www.qt-project.org/
-**
-** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
-**
-** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$
-** GNU Free Documentation License
-** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free
-** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software
-** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of
-** this file.
-**
-** Other Usage
-** Alternatively, this file may be used in accordance with the terms
-** and conditions contained in a signed written agreement between you
-** and Nokia.
-**
-**
-**
-**
-**
-** $QT_END_LICENSE$
-**
-****************************************************************************/
-
-/*!
- \group database
- \title Database Classes
-
- \brief Database related classes, e.g. for SQL databases.
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-programming.html
- \title SQL Programming
- \ingroup qt-sql
- \nextpage Connecting to Databases
-
- \brief Database integration for Qt applications.
-
- This overview assumes that you have at least a basic knowledge of
- SQL. You should be able to understand simple \c SELECT, \c
- INSERT, \c UPDATE, and \c DELETE statements. Although the \l
- QSqlTableModel class provides an interface to database browsing
- and editing that does not require a knowledge of SQL, a basic
- understanding of SQL is highly recommended. A standard text
- covering SQL databases is \e {An Introduction to Database Systems}
- (7th Ed.) by C. J. Date, ISBN 0201385902.
-
- \section1 Topics:
-
- \list
- \li \l{Database Classes}
- \li \l{Connecting to Databases}
- \list
- \li \l{SQL Database Drivers}
- \endlist
- \li \l{Executing SQL Statements}
- \list
- \li \l{Data Types for Qt-supported Database Systems}
- \endlist
- \li \l{Using the SQL Model Classes}
- \li \l{Presenting Data in a Table View}
- \li \l{Creating Data-Aware Forms}
- \endlist
-
- \section1 Database Classes
-
- These classes provide access to SQL databases.
-
- \annotatedlist database
-
- The SQL classes are divided into three layers:
-
- \section2 Driver Layer
-
- This comprises the classes QSqlDriver, QSqlDriverCreator<T>,
- QSqlDriverCreatorBase, QSqlDriverPlugin, and QSqlResult.
-
- This layer provides the low-level bridge between the specific databases
- and the SQL API layer. See \l{SQL Database Drivers} for more information.
-
- \section2 SQL API Layer
-
- These classes provide access to databases. Connections
- are made using the QSqlDatabase class. Database
- interaction is achieved by using the QSqlQuery class.
- In addition to QSqlDatabase and QSqlQuery, the SQL API
- layer is supported by QSqlError, QSqlField, QSqlIndex,
- and QSqlRecord.
-
- \section2 User Interface Layer
-
- These classes link the data from a database to data-aware widgets.
- They include QSqlQueryModel, QSqlTableModel, and QSqlRelationalTableModel.
- These classes are designed to work with Qt's
- \l{Model/View Programming}{model/view framework}.
-
- Note that to use any of these classes, a QCoreApplication object
- must have been instantiated first.
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-connecting.html
- \title Connecting to Databases
- \ingroup qt-sql
-
- \contentspage SQL Programming
- \previouspage SQL Programming
- \nextpage Executing SQL Statements
-
- To access a database with QSqlQuery or QSqlQueryModel, create and
- open one or more database connections. Database connections are
- normally identified by connection name, \e{not} by database name.
- You can have multiple connections to the same database.
- QSqlDatabase also supports the concept of a \e{default}
- connection, which is an unnamed connection. When calling QSqlQuery
- or QSqlQueryModel member functions that take a connection name
- argument, if you don't pass a connection name, the default
- connection will be used. Creating a default connection is
- convenient when your application only requires one database
- connection.
-
- Note the difference between creating a connection and opening it.
- Creating a connection involves creating an instance of class
- QSqlDatabase. The connection is not usable until it is opened. The
- following snippet shows how to create a \e{default} connection
- and then open it:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 26
-
- The first line creates the connection object, and the last line
- opens it for use. In between, we initialize some connection
- information, including the \l{QSqlDatabase::setDatabaseName()}
- {database name}, the \l{QSqlDatabase::setHostName()} {host name},
- the \l{QSqlDatabase::setUserName()} {user name}, and the
- \l{QSqlDatabase::setPassword()} {password}. In this case, we are
- connecting to the MySQL database \c{flightdb} on the host
- \c{bigblue}. The \c{"QMYSQL"} argument to
- \l{QSqlDatabase::addDatabase()} {addDatabase()} specifies the type
- of database driver to use for the connection. The set of database
- drivers included with Qt are shown in the table of \l{SQL Database
- Drivers#Supported Databases} {supported database drivers}.
-
- The connection in the snippet will be the \e{default} connection,
- because we don't pass the second argument to
- \l{QSqlDatabase::addDatabase()} {addDatabase()}, which is the
- connection name. For example, here we establish two MySQL database
- connections named \c{"first"} and \c{"second"}:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 27
-
- After these connections have been initialized, \l{QSqlDatabase::}
- {open()} for each one to establish the live connections. If the
- \l{QSqlDatabase::} {open()} fails, it returns false. In that case,
- call QSqlDatabase::lastError() to get error information.
-
- Once a connection is established, we can call the static function
- QSqlDatabase::database() from anywhere with a connection name to
- get a pointer to that database connection. If we don't pass a
- connection name, it will return the default connection. For
- example:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 28
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 29
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 30
-
- To remove a database connection, first close the database using
- QSqlDatabase::close(), then remove it using the static method
- QSqlDatabase::removeDatabase().
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-sqlstatements.html
- \title Executing SQL Statements
- \ingroup qt-sql
-
- \previouspage Connecting to Databases
- \contentspage SQL Programming
- \nextpage Using the SQL Model Classes
-
-
- The QSqlQuery class provides an interface for executing SQL
- statements and navigating through the result set of a query.
-
- The QSqlQueryModel and QSqlTableModel classes described in the
- next section provide a higher-level interface for accessing
- databases. If you are unfamiliar with SQL, you might want to skip
- directly to the next section (\l{Using the SQL Model Classes}).
-
- \section2 Executing a Query
-
- To execute an SQL statement, simply create a QSqlQuery object and
- call QSqlQuery::exec() like this:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 31
-
- The QSqlQuery constructor accepts an optional QSqlDatabase object
- that specifies which database connection to use. In the example
- above, we don't specify any connection, so the default connection
- is used.
-
- If an error occurs, \l{QSqlQuery::exec()}{exec()} returns false.
- The error is then available as QSqlQuery::lastError().
-
- \section2 Navigating the Result Set
-
- QSqlQuery provides access to the result set one record at a time.
- After the call to \l{QSqlQuery::exec()}{exec()}, QSqlQuery's
- internal pointer is located one position \e{before} the first
- record. We must call QSqlQuery::next() once to advance to the
- first record, then \l{QSqlQuery::next()}{next()} again repeatedly
- to access the other records, until it returns false. Here's a
- typical loop that iterates over all the records in order:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 32
-
- The QSqlQuery::value() function returns the value of a field in
- the current record. Fields are specified as zero-based indexes.
- QSqlQuery::value() returns a QVariant, a type that can hold
- various C++ and core Qt data types such as \c int, QString, and
- QByteArray. The different database types are automatically mapped
- into the closest Qt equivalent. In the code snippet, we call
- QVariant::toString() and QVariant::toInt() to convert
- variants to QString and \c int.
-
- For an overview of the recommended types for use with Qt-supported
- Databases, please refer to \l{Data Types for Qt-supported Database
- Systems} {this table}.
-
- You can iterate back and forth using QSqlQuery::next(),
- QSqlQuery::previous(), QSqlQuery::first(), QSqlQuery::last(), and
- QSqlQuery::seek(). The current row index is returned by
- QSqlQuery::at(), and the total number of rows in the result set
- is available as QSqlQuery::size() for databases that support it.
-
- To determine whether a database driver supports a given feature,
- use QSqlDriver::hasFeature(). In the following example, we call
- QSqlQuery::size() to determine the size of a result set of
- the underlying database supports that feature; otherwise, we
- navigate to the last record and use the query's position to tell
- us how many records there are.
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 33
-
- If you iterate through a result set only using next() and seek()
- with positive values, you can call
- QSqlQuery::setForwardOnly(true) before calling exec(). This is an
- easy optimization that will speed up the query significantly when
- operating on large result sets.
-
- \section2 Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Records
-
- QSqlQuery can execute arbitrary SQL statements, not just
- \c{SELECT}s. The following example inserts a record into a table
- using \c{INSERT}:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 34
-
- If you want to insert many records at the same time, it is often
- more efficient to separate the query from the actual values being
- inserted. This can be done using placeholders. Qt supports two
- placeholder syntaxes: named binding and positional binding.
- Here's an example of named binding:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 35
-
- Here's an example of positional binding:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 36
-
- Both syntaxes work with all database drivers provided by Qt. If
- the database supports the syntax natively, Qt simply forwards the
- query to the DBMS; otherwise, Qt simulates the placeholder syntax
- by preprocessing the query. The actual query that ends up being
- executed by the DBMS is available as QSqlQuery::executedQuery().
-
- When inserting multiple records, you only need to call
- QSqlQuery::prepare() once. Then you call
- \l{QSqlQuery::bindValue()}{bindValue()} or
- \l{QSqlQuery::addBindValue()}{addBindValue()} followed by
- \l{QSqlQuery::exec()}{exec()} as many times as necessary.
-
- Besides performance, one advantage of placeholders is that you
- can easily specify arbitrary values without having to worry about
- escaping special characters.
-
- Updating a record is similar to inserting it into a table:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 37
-
- You can also use named or positional binding to associate
- parameters to actual values.
-
- Finally, here's an example of a \c DELETE statement:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 38
-
- \section2 Transactions
-
- If the underlying database engine supports transactions,
- QSqlDriver::hasFeature(QSqlDriver::Transactions) will return
- true. You can use QSqlDatabase::transaction() to initiate a
- transaction, followed by the SQL commands you want to execute
- within the context of the transaction, and then either
- QSqlDatabase::commit() or QSqlDatabase::rollback(). When
- using transactions you must start the transaction before you
- create your query.
-
- Example:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 39
-
- Transactions can be used to ensure that a complex operation is
- atomic (for example, looking up a foreign key and creating a
- record), or to provide a means of canceling a complex change in
- the middle.
-
- \omit
- It would be useful to mention transactions, and the fact that
- some databases don't support them.
- \endomit
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-model.html
- \title Using the SQL Model Classes
- \ingroup qt-sql
-
- \previouspage Executing SQL Statements
- \contentspage SQL Programming
- \nextpage Presenting Data in a Table View
-
- In addition to QSqlQuery, Qt offers three higher-level classes
- for accessing databases. These classes are QSqlQueryModel,
- QSqlTableModel, and QSqlRelationalTableModel.
-
- \table
- \row \li QSqlQueryModel
- \li A read-only model based on an arbitrary SQL query.
- \row \li QSqlTableModel
- \li A read-write model that works on a single table.
- \row \li QSqlRelationalTableModel
- \li A QSqlTableModel subclass with foreign key support.
- \endtable
-
- These classes derive from QAbstractTableModel (which in turn
- inherits from QAbstractItemModel) and make it easy to present
- data from a database in an item view class such as QListView and
- QTableView. This is explained in detail in the \l{Presenting Data
- in a Table View} section.
-
- Another advantage of using these classes is that it can make your
- code easier to adapt to other data sources. For example, if you
- use QSqlTableModel and later decide to use XML files to store
- data instead of a database, it is essentially just a matter of
- replacing one data model with another.
-
- \section2 The SQL Query Model
-
- QSqlQueryModel offers a read-only model based on an SQL query.
-
- Example:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 40
-
- After setting the query using QSqlQueryModel::setQuery(), you can
- use QSqlQueryModel::record(int) to access the individual records.
- You can also use QSqlQueryModel::data() and any of the other
- functions inherited from QAbstractItemModel.
-
- There's also a \l{QSqlQueryModel::setQuery()}{setQuery()}
- overload that takes a QSqlQuery object and operates on its result
- set. This enables you to use any features of QSqlQuery to set up
- the query (e.g., prepared queries).
-
- \section2 The SQL Table Model
-
- QSqlTableModel offers a read-write model that works on a single
- SQL table at a time.
-
- Example:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 41
-
- QSqlTableModel is a high-level alternative to QSqlQuery for
- navigating and modifying individual SQL tables. It typically
- results in less code and requires no knowledge of SQL syntax.
-
- Use QSqlTableModel::record() to retrieve a row in the table, and
- QSqlTableModel::setRecord() to modify the row. For example, the
- following code will increase every employee's salary by 10 per
- cent:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 42
-
- You can also use QSqlTableModel::data() and
- QSqlTableModel::setData(), which are inherited from
- QAbstractItemModel, to access the data. For example, here's how
- to update a record using
- \l{QSqlTableModel::setData()}{setData()}:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 43
-
- Here's how to insert a row and populate it:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 44
-
- Here's how to delete five consecutive rows:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 45
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 46
-
- The first argument to QSqlTableModel::removeRows() is the index
- of the first row to delete.
-
- When you're finished changing a record, you should always call
- QSqlTableModel::submitAll() to ensure that the changes are
- written to the database.
-
- When and whether you actually \e need to call submitAll() depends
- on the table's \l{QSqlTableModel::editStrategy()}{edit strategy}.
- The default strategy is QSqlTableModel::OnRowChange, which
- specifies that pending changes are applied to the database when
- the user selects a different row. Other strategies are
- QSqlTableModel::OnManualSubmit (where all changes are cached in
- the model until you call submitAll()) and
- QSqlTableModel::OnFieldChange (where no changes are cached).
- These are mostly useful when QSqlTableModel is used with a view.
-
- QSqlTableModel::OnFieldChange seems to deliver the promise that
- you never need to call submitAll() explicitly. There are two
- pitfalls, though:
-
- \list
- \li Without any caching, performance may drop significantly.
- \li If you modify a primary key, the record might slip through
- your fingers while you are trying to populate it.
- \endlist
-
- \section2 The SQL Relational Table Model
-
- QSqlRelationalTableModel extends QSqlTableModel to provide
- support for foreign keys. A foreign key is a 1-to-1 mapping
- between a field in one table and the primary key field of another
- table. For example, if a \c book table has a field called \c
- authorid that refers to the author table's \c id field, we say
- that \c authorid is a foreign key.
-
- \table
- \row \li \inlineimage noforeignkeys.png
- \li \inlineimage foreignkeys.png
- \endtable
-
- The screenshot on the left shows a plain QSqlTableModel in a
- QTableView. Foreign keys (\c city and \c country) aren't resolved
- to human-readable values. The screenshot on the right shows a
- QSqlRelationalTableModel, with foreign keys resolved into
- human-readable text strings.
-
- The following code snippet shows how the QSqlRelationalTableModel
- was set up:
-
- \snippet examples/sql/relationaltablemodel/relationaltablemodel.cpp 0
- \codeline
- \snippet examples/sql/relationaltablemodel/relationaltablemodel.cpp 1
- \snippet examples/sql/relationaltablemodel/relationaltablemodel.cpp 2
-
- See the QSqlRelationalTableModel documentation for details.
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-presenting.html
- \title Presenting Data in a Table View
- \ingroup qt-sql
-
- \previouspage Using the SQL Model Classes
- \contentspage SQL Programming
- \nextpage Creating Data-Aware Forms
-
- The QSqlQueryModel, QSqlTableModel, and QSqlRelationalTableModel
- classes can be used as a data source for Qt's view classes such
- as QListView, QTableView, and QTreeView. In practice, QTableView
- is by far the most common choice, because an SQL result set is
- essentially a two-dimensional data structure.
-
- \image relationaltable.png A table view displaying a QSqlTableModel
-
- The following example creates a view based on an SQL data model:
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 17
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 18
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 19
-
- If the model is a read-write model (e.g., QSqlTableModel), the
- view lets the user edit the fields. You can disable this by
- calling
-
- \snippet doc/src/snippets/sqldatabase/sqldatabase.cpp 20
-
- You can use the same model as a data source for multiple views.
- If the user edits the model through one of the views, the other
- views will reflect the changes immediately. The
- \l{sql/tablemodel}{Table Model} example shows how it works.
-
- View classes display a header at the top to label the columns. To
- change the header texts, call
- \l{QAbstractItemModel::setHeaderData()}{setHeaderData()} on the
- model. The header's labels default to the table's field names.
- For example:
-
- \snippet examples/sql/relationaltablemodel/relationaltablemodel.cpp 3
-
- QTableView also has a vertical header on the left with numbers
- identifying the rows. If you insert rows programmatically using
- QSqlTableModel::insertRows(), the new rows will be marked with an
- asterisk (*) until they are submitted using
- \l{QSqlTableModel::submitAll()}{submitAll()} or automatically
- when the user moves to another record (assuming the
- \l{QSqlTableModel::EditStrategy}{edit strategy} is
- QSqlTableModel::OnRowChange).
-
- \image insertrowinmodelview.png Inserting a row in a model
-
- Likewise, if you remove rows using
- \l{QSqlTableModel::removeRows()}{removeRows()}, the rows will be
- marked with an exclamation mark (!) until the change is
- submitted.
-
- The items in the view are rendered using a delegate. The default
- delegate, QItemDelegate, handles the most common data types (\c
- int, QString, QImage, etc.). The delegate is also responsible for
- providing editor widgets (e.g., a combobox) when the user starts
- editing an item in the view. You can create your own delegates by
- subclassing QAbstractItemDelegate or QItemDelegate. See
- \l{Model/View Programming} for more information.
-
- QSqlTableModel is optimized to operate on a single table at a
- time. If you need a read-write model that operates on an
- arbitrary result set, you can subclass QSqlQueryModel and
- reimplement \l{QAbstractItemModel::flags()}{flags()} and
- \l{QAbstractItemModel::setData()}{setData()} to make it
- read-write. The following two functions make fields 1 and 2 of a
- query model editable:
-
- \snippet examples/sql/querymodel/editablesqlmodel.cpp 0
- \codeline
- \snippet examples/sql/querymodel/editablesqlmodel.cpp 1
-
- The setFirstName() helper function is defined as follows:
-
- \snippet examples/sql/querymodel/editablesqlmodel.cpp 2
-
- The setLastName() function is similar. See the
- \l{sql/querymodel}{Query Model} example for the complete source code.
-
- Subclassing a model makes it possible to customize it in many
- ways: You can provide tooltips for the items, change the
- background color, provide calculated values, provide different
- values for viewing and editing, handle null values specially, and
- more. See \l{Model/View Programming} as well as the \l
- QAbstractItemView reference documentation for details.
-
- If all you need is to resolve a foreign key to a more
- human-friendly string, you can use QSqlRelationalTableModel. For
- best results, you should also use QSqlRelationalDelegate, a
- delegate that provides combobox editors for editing foreign keys.
-
- \image relationaltable.png Editing a foreign key in a relational table
-
- The \l{sql/relationaltablemodel}{Relational Table Model} example
- illustrates how to use QSqlRelationalTableModel in conjunction with
- QSqlRelationalDelegate to provide tables with foreign key
- support.
-*/
-
-/*!
- \page sql-forms.html
- \title Creating Data-Aware Forms
- \ingroup qt-sql
-
- \previouspage Presenting Data in a Table View
- \contentspage SQL Programming
-
- Using the SQL models described above, the contents of a database can
- be presented to other model/view components. For some applications,
- it is sufficient to present this data using a standard item view,
- such as QTableView. However, users of record-based applications often
- require a form-based user interface in which data from a specific
- row or column in a database table is used to populate editor widgets
- on a form.
-
- Such data-aware forms can be created with the QDataWidgetMapper class,
- a generic model/view component that is used to map data from a model
- to specific widgets in a user interface.
-
- QDataWidgetMapper operates on a specific database table, mapping items
- in the table on a row-by-row or column-by-column basis. As a result,
- using QDataWidgetMapper with a SQL model is as simple as using it with
- any other table model.
-
- \image qdatawidgetmapper-simple.png
-
- The \l{sql/books}{Books} example shows how information can
- be presented for easy access by using QDataWidgetMapper and a set of
- simple input widgets.
-*/