/**************************************************************************** ** ** Copyright (C) 2016 The Qt Company Ltd. ** Contact: https://www.qt.io/licensing/ ** ** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit. ** ** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$ ** Commercial License Usage ** Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in ** accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the ** Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in ** a written agreement between you and The Qt Company. For licensing terms ** and conditions see https://www.qt.io/terms-conditions. For further ** information use the contact form at https://www.qt.io/contact-us. ** ** GNU Free Documentation License Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free ** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software ** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of ** this file. Please review the following information to ensure ** the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 requirements ** will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html. ** $QT_END_LICENSE$ ** ****************************************************************************/ /*! \example tools/echoplugin \title Echo Plugin Example \ingroup examples-widgets-tools \ingroup examples-layout \brief This example shows how to create a Qt plugin. \image echopluginexample.png There are two kinds of plugins in Qt: plugins that extend Qt itself and plugins that extend applications written in Qt. In this example, we show the procedure of implementing plugins that extend applications. When you create a plugin you declare an interface, which is a class with only pure virtual functions. This interface is inherited by the class that implements the plugin. The class is stored in a shared library and can therefore be loaded by applications at run-time. When loaded, the plugin is dynamically cast to the interface using Qt's \l{Meta-Object System}{meta-object system}. The plugin \l{How to Create Qt Plugins}{overview document} gives a high-level introduction to plugins. We have implemented a plugin, the \c EchoPlugin, which implements the \c EchoInterface. The interface consists of \c echo(), which takes a QString as argument. The \c EchoPlugin returns the string unaltered (i.e., it works as the familiar echo command found in both Unix and Windows). We test the plugin in \c EchoWindow: when you push the QPushButton (as seen in the image above), the application sends the text in the QLineEdit to the plugin, which echoes it back to the application. The answer from the plugin is displayed in the QLabel. \section1 EchoWindow Class Definition The \c EchoWindow class lets us test the \c EchoPlugin through a GUI. \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echowindow.h 0 We load the plugin in \c loadPlugin() and cast it to \c EchoInterface. When the user clicks the \c button we take the text in \c lineEdit and call the interface's \c echo() with it. \section1 EchoWindow Class Implementation We start with a look at the constructor: \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echowindow.cpp 0 We create the widgets and set a title for the window. We then load the plugin. \c loadPlugin() returns false if the plugin could not be loaded, in which case we disable the widgets. If you wish a more detailed error message, you can use \l{QPluginLoader::}{errorString()}; we will look more closely at QPluginLoader later. Here is the implementation of \c sendEcho(): \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echowindow.cpp 1 This slot is called when the user pushes \c button or presses enter in \c lineEdit. We call \c echo() of the echo interface. In our example this is the \c EchoPlugin, but it could be any plugin that inherit the \c EchoInterface. We take the QString returned from \c echo() and display it in the \c label. Here is the implementation of \c createGUI(): \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echowindow.cpp 2 We create the widgets and lay them out in a grid layout. We connect the label and line edit to our \c sendEcho() slot. Here is the \c loadPlugin() function: \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echowindow.cpp 3 Access to plugins at run-time is provided by QPluginLoader. You supply it with the filename of the shared library the plugin is stored in and call \l{QPluginLoader::}{instance()}, which loads and returns the root component of the plugin (i.e., it resolves the type of the plugin and creates a QObject instance of it). If the plugin was not successfully loaded, it will be null, so we return false. If it was loaded correctly, we can cast the plugin to our \c EchoInterface and return true. In the case that the plugin loaded does not implement the \c EchoInterface, \c instance() will return null, but this cannot happen in our example. Notice that the location of the plugin is not the same for all platforms. \section1 EchoInterface Class Definition The \c EchoInterface defines the functions that the plugin will provide. An interface is a class that only consists of pure virtual functions. If non virtual functions were present in the class you would get misleading compile errors in the moc files. \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/echointerface.h 0 We declare \c echo(). In our \c EchoPlugin we use this method to return, or echo, \a message. We use the Q_DECLARE_INTERFACE macro to let \l{Meta-Object System}{Qt's meta object system} aware of the interface. We do this so that it will be possible to identify plugins that implements the interface at run-time. The second argument is a string that must identify the interface in a unique way. \section1 EchoPlugin Class Definition We inherit both QObject and \c EchoInterface to make this class a plugin. The Q_INTERFACES macro tells Qt which interfaces the class implements. In our case we only implement the \c EchoInterface. If a class implements more than one interface, they are given as a space separated list. The Q_PLUGIN_METADATA macro is included next to the Q_OBJECT macro. It contains the plugins IID and a filename pointing to a json file containing the metadata for the plugin. The json file is compiled into the plugin and does not need to be installed. \snippet tools/echoplugin/plugin/echoplugin.h 0 \section1 EchoPlugin Class Implementation Here is the implementation of \c echo(): \snippet tools/echoplugin/plugin/echoplugin.cpp 0 We simply return the functions parameter. \section1 The \c main() function \snippet tools/echoplugin/echowindow/main.cpp 0 We create an \c EchoWindow and display it as a top-level window. \section1 The Profiles When creating plugins the profiles need to be adjusted. We show here what changes need to be done. The profile in the echoplugin directory uses the \c subdirs template and simply includes includes to directories in which the echo window and echo plugin lives: \snippet tools/echoplugin/echoplugin.pro 0 The profile for the echo window does not need any plugin specific settings. We move on to the plugin profile: \snippet tools/echoplugin/plugin/plugin.pro 0 We need to set the TEMPLATE as we now want to make a library instead of an executable. We also need to tell qmake that we are creating a plugin. The \c EchoInterface that the plugin implements lives in the \c echowindow directory, so we need to add that directory to the include path. We set the TARGET of the project, which is the name of the library file in which the plugin will be stored; qmake appends the appropriate file extension depending on the platform. By convention the target should have the same name as the plugin (set with Q_EXPORT_PLUGIN2) \section1 Further Reading and Examples The \l {qtplugin-defining-plugins}{Defining Plugins} page presents an overview of the macros needed to create plugins. We give an example of a plugin that extends Qt in the \l{Style Plugin Example}{style plugin} example. The \l{Plug & Paint Example}{plug and paint} example shows how to create static plugins. */