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// Copyright (C) 2016 The Qt Company Ltd.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: LicenseRef-Qt-Commercial OR GFDL-1.3-no-invariants-only
/*!
\example threads/semaphores
\title Semaphores Example
\brief Demonstrates multi-thread programming using Qt.
\ingroup qtconcurrent-mtexamples
\brief The Semaphores example shows how to use QSemaphore to control
access to a circular buffer shared by a producer thread and a
consumer thread.
The producer writes data to the buffer until it reaches the end
of the buffer, at which point it restarts from the beginning,
overwriting existing data. The consumer thread reads the data as
it is produced and writes it to standard error.
Semaphores make it possible to have a higher level of concurrency
than mutexes. If accesses to the buffer were guarded by a QMutex,
the consumer thread couldn't access the buffer at the same time
as the producer thread. Yet, there is no harm in having both
threads working on \e{different parts} of the buffer at the same
time.
The example comprises two classes: \c Producer and \c Consumer.
Both inherit from QThread. The circular buffer used for
communicating between these two classes and the semaphores that
protect it are global variables.
An alternative to using QSemaphore to solve the producer-consumer
problem is to use QWaitCondition and QMutex. This is what the
\l{Wait Conditions Example} does.
\section1 Global Variables
Let's start by reviewing the circular buffer and the associated
semaphores:
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 0
\c DataSize is the amout of data that the producer will generate.
To keep the example as simple as possible, we make it a constant.
\c BufferSize is the size of the circular buffer. It is less than
\c DataSize, meaning that at some point the producer will reach
the end of the buffer and restart from the beginning.
To synchronize the producer and the consumer, we need two
semaphores. The \c freeBytes semaphore controls the "free" area
of the buffer (the area that the producer hasn't filled with data
yet or that the consumer has already read). The \c usedBytes
semaphore controls the "used" area of the buffer (the area that
the producer has filled but that the consumer hasn't read yet).
Together, the semaphores ensure that the producer is never more
than \c BufferSize bytes ahead of the consumer, and that the
consumer never reads data that the producer hasn't generated yet.
The \c freeBytes semaphore is initialized with \c BufferSize,
because initially the entire buffer is empty. The \c usedBytes
semaphore is initialized to 0 (the default value if none is
specified).
\section1 Producer Class
Let's review the code for the \c Producer class:
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 1
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 2
The producer generates \c DataSize bytes of data. Before it
writes a byte to the circular buffer, it must acquire a "free"
byte using the \c freeBytes semaphore. The QSemaphore::acquire()
call might block if the consumer hasn't kept up the pace with the
producer.
At the end, the producer releases a byte using the \c usedBytes
semaphore. The "free" byte has successfully been transformed into
a "used" byte, ready to be read by the consumer.
\section1 Consumer Class
Let's now turn to the \c Consumer class:
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 3
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 4
The code is very similar to the producer, except that this time
we acquire a "used" byte and release a "free" byte, instead of
the opposite.
\section1 The main() Function
In \c main(), we create the two threads and call QThread::wait()
to ensure that both threads get time to finish before we exit:
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 5
\snippet threads/semaphores/semaphores.cpp 6
So what happens when we run the program? Initially, the producer
thread is the only one that can do anything; the consumer is
blocked waiting for the \c usedBytes semaphore to be released (its
initial \l{QSemaphore::available()}{available()} count is 0).
Once the producer has put one byte in the buffer,
\c{freeBytes.available()} is \c BufferSize - 1 and
\c{usedBytes.available()} is 1. At that point, two things can
happen: Either the consumer thread takes over and reads that
byte, or the producer thread gets to produce a second byte.
The producer-consumer model presented in this example makes it
possible to write highly concurrent multithreaded applications.
On a multiprocessor machine, the program is potentially up to
twice as fast as the equivalent mutex-based program, since the
two threads can be active at the same time on different parts of
the buffer.
Be aware though that these benefits aren't always realized.
Acquiring and releasing a QSemaphore has a cost. In practice, it
would probably be worthwhile to divide the buffer into chunks and
to operate on chunks instead of individual bytes. The buffer size
is also a parameter that must be selected carefully, based on
experimentation.
*/
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