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For further ** information use the contact form at https://www.qt.io/contact-us. ** ** GNU Free Documentation License Usage ** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free ** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software ** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of ** this file. Please review the following information to ensure ** the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 requirements ** will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.html. ** $QT_END_LICENSE$ ** ****************************************************************************/ /*! \example lowenergyscanner \title Bluetooth Low Energy Scanner Example \brief An application designed to browse the content of Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral devices. The example demonstrates the use of all Qt Bluetooth Low Energy classes. The Bluetooth Low Energy Scanner Example shows how to develop Bluetooth Low Energy applications using the Qt Bluetooth API. The application covers scanning for Low Energy devices, scanning their services and reading the service characteristics and descriptors. \image lowenergyscanner-services.png The example introduces the following Qt classes: \list \li \l QLowEnergyController \li \l QLowEnergyService \li \l QLowEnergyCharacteristic \li \l QLowEnergyDescriptor \endlist The example can be used with any arbitrary Bluetooth Low Energy peripheral device. It creates a snapshot of all services, characteristics and descriptors and presents them to the user. Therefore the application provides an easy way of browsing the content offered by a peripheral device. \include examples-run.qdocinc \section1 Scanning for Devices The first step is to find all peripheral devices. The devices can be found using the \l QBluetoothDeviceDiscoveryAgent class. The discovery process is started using \l {QBluetoothDeviceDiscoveryAgent::start()}{start()}. Each new device is advertised via the \l {QBluetoothDeviceDiscoveryAgent::deviceDiscovered()}{deviceDiscovered()} signal: \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-devicediscovery-1 \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-devicediscovery-2 The below \c addDevice() slot is triggered as a reaction to the discovery of a new device. It filters all found devices which have the \l QBluetoothDeviceInfo::LowEnergyCoreConfiguration flag and adds them to a list which is shown to the user. \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-devicediscovery-3 The list of devices may look like in the image below. \note It is a prerequisite that the remote devices actively advertise their presence. \image lowenergyscanner-devices.png \section1 Connecting to Services After the user has selected a device from the list the application connects to the device and scans all services. The \l QLowEnergyController class is used to connect to the device. The \l {QLowEnergyController::connectToDevice()} function triggers the connection process which lasts until the \l {QLowEnergyController::connected()} signal is received or an error has occurred: \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-controller-1 The slot triggered by the \l {QLowEnergyController::connected()}{connected()} signal immediately calls \l {QLowEnergyController::discoverServices()} to start the service discovery on the connected peripheral device. \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-service-2 The resulting list is presented to the user.The image below displays the results when the SensorTag device is selected. The view lists the names of the services, whether they are primary or secondary services and the UUID which determines the service type. \image lowenergyscanner-services.png As soon as the service is chosen the related \l QLowEnergyService instance is created to permit interaction with it: \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-service-1 The service object provides the required signals and functions to discover the service details, read and write characteristics and descriptors, as well as receive data change notifications. Change notifications can be triggered as a result of writing a value or due to an on-device update potentially triggered by the internal logic. During the initial detail search the service's \l {QLowEnergyService::state()}{state()} transitions from \l {QLowEnergyService::DiscoveryRequired}{DiscoveryRequired} to \l {QLowEnergyService::DiscoveringServices}{DiscoveringServices} and eventually ends with \l {QLowEnergyService::ServiceDiscovered}{ServiceDiscovered}: \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-service-3 \section1 Reading Service Data Upon selection of a service the service details are shown. Each characteristic is listed together with its name, UUID, value, handle and properties. \image lowenergyscanner-chars.png It is possible to retrieve the service's characteristics via \l QLowEnergyService::characteristics() and in turn, each descriptor can be obtained via \l QLowEnergyCharacteristic::descriptors(). \snippet lowenergyscanner/device.cpp les-chars Although the example application does not display descriptors it uses descriptors to get the name of an individual characteristic if its name cannot be discerned based on its UUID. The second way to obtain the name is the existence of a descriptor of the type \l {QBluetoothUuid::CharacteristicUserDescription}. The code below demonstrates how this may be achieved: \snippet lowenergyscanner/characteristicinfo.cpp les-get-descriptors */