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-=head1 NAME
-
-a2p - Awk to Perl translator
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-B<a2p> [I<options>] [I<filename>]
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-I<A2p> takes an awk script specified on the command line (or from
-standard input) and produces a comparable I<perl> script on the
-standard output.
-
-=head2 OPTIONS
-
-Options include:
-
-=over 5
-
-=item B<-DE<lt>numberE<gt>>
-
-sets debugging flags.
-
-=item B<-FE<lt>characterE<gt>>
-
-tells a2p that this awk script is always invoked with this B<-F>
-switch.
-
-=item B<-nE<lt>fieldlistE<gt>>
-
-specifies the names of the input fields if input does not have to be
-split into an array. If you were translating an awk script that
-processes the password file, you might say:
-
- a2p -7 -nlogin.password.uid.gid.gcos.shell.home
-
-Any delimiter can be used to separate the field names.
-
-=item B<-E<lt>numberE<gt>>
-
-causes a2p to assume that input will always have that many fields.
-
-=item B<-o>
-
-tells a2p to use old awk behavior. The only current differences are:
-
-=over 5
-
-=item *
-
-Old awk always has a line loop, even if there are no line
-actions, whereas new awk does not.
-
-=item *
-
-In old awk, sprintf is extremely greedy about its arguments.
-For example, given the statement
-
- print sprintf(some_args), extra_args;
-
-old awk considers I<extra_args> to be arguments to C<sprintf>; new awk
-considers them arguments to C<print>.
-
-=back
-
-=back
-
-=head2 "Considerations"
-
-A2p cannot do as good a job translating as a human would, but it
-usually does pretty well. There are some areas where you may want to
-examine the perl script produced and tweak it some. Here are some of
-them, in no particular order.
-
-There is an awk idiom of putting int() around a string expression to
-force numeric interpretation, even though the argument is always
-integer anyway. This is generally unneeded in perl, but a2p can't
-tell if the argument is always going to be integer, so it leaves it
-in. You may wish to remove it.
-
-Perl differentiates numeric comparison from string comparison. Awk
-has one operator for both that decides at run time which comparison to
-do. A2p does not try to do a complete job of awk emulation at this
-point. Instead it guesses which one you want. It's almost always
-right, but it can be spoofed. All such guesses are marked with the
-comment "C<#???>". You should go through and check them. You might
-want to run at least once with the B<-w> switch to perl, which will
-warn you if you use == where you should have used eq.
-
-Perl does not attempt to emulate the behavior of awk in which
-nonexistent array elements spring into existence simply by being
-referenced. If somehow you are relying on this mechanism to create
-null entries for a subsequent for...in, they won't be there in perl.
-
-If a2p makes a split line that assigns to a list of variables that
-looks like (Fld1, Fld2, Fld3...) you may want to rerun a2p using the
-B<-n> option mentioned above. This will let you name the fields
-throughout the script. If it splits to an array instead, the script
-is probably referring to the number of fields somewhere.
-
-The exit statement in awk doesn't necessarily exit; it goes to the END
-block if there is one. Awk scripts that do contortions within the END
-block to bypass the block under such circumstances can be simplified
-by removing the conditional in the END block and just exiting directly
-from the perl script.
-
-Perl has two kinds of array, numerically-indexed and associative.
-Perl associative arrays are called "hashes". Awk arrays are usually
-translated to hashes, but if you happen to know that the index is
-always going to be numeric you could change the {...} to [...].
-Iteration over a hash is done using the keys() function, but iteration
-over an array is NOT. You might need to modify any loop that iterates
-over such an array.
-
-Awk starts by assuming OFMT has the value %.6g. Perl starts by
-assuming its equivalent, $#, to have the value %.20g. You'll want to
-set $# explicitly if you use the default value of OFMT.
-
-Near the top of the line loop will be the split operation that is
-implicit in the awk script. There are times when you can move this
-down past some conditionals that test the entire record so that the
-split is not done as often.
-
-For aesthetic reasons you may wish to change the array base $[ from 1
-back to perl's default of 0, but remember to change all array
-subscripts AND all substr() and index() operations to match.
-
-Cute comments that say "# Here is a workaround because awk is dumb"
-are passed through unmodified.
-
-Awk scripts are often embedded in a shell script that pipes stuff into
-and out of awk. Often the shell script wrapper can be incorporated
-into the perl script, since perl can start up pipes into and out of
-itself, and can do other things that awk can't do by itself.
-
-Scripts that refer to the special variables RSTART and RLENGTH can
-often be simplified by referring to the variables $`, $& and $', as
-long as they are within the scope of the pattern match that sets them.
-
-The produced perl script may have subroutines defined to deal with
-awk's semantics regarding getline and print. Since a2p usually picks
-correctness over efficiency. it is almost always possible to rewrite
-such code to be more efficient by discarding the semantic sugar.
-
-For efficiency, you may wish to remove the keyword from any return
-statement that is the last statement executed in a subroutine. A2p
-catches the most common case, but doesn't analyze embedded blocks for
-subtler cases.
-
-ARGV[0] translates to $ARGV0, but ARGV[n] translates to $ARGV[$n]. A
-loop that tries to iterate over ARGV[0] won't find it.
-
-=head1 ENVIRONMENT
-
-A2p uses no environment variables.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Larry Wall E<lt>F<larry@wall.org>E<gt>
-
-=head1 FILES
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
- perl The perl compiler/interpreter
-
- s2p sed to perl translator
-
-=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
-
-=head1 BUGS
-
-It would be possible to emulate awk's behavior in selecting string
-versus numeric operations at run time by inspection of the operands,
-but it would be gross and inefficient. Besides, a2p almost always
-guesses right.
-
-Storage for the awk syntax tree is currently static, and can run out.