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-=head1 NAME
-
-perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
-
-=head1 SYNOPSIS
-
-B<perl> S<[ B<-sTtuUWX> ]>
- S<[ B<-hv> ] [ B<-V>[:I<configvar>] ]>
- S<[ B<-cw> ] [ B<-d>[B<t>][:I<debugger>] ] [ B<-D>[I<number/list>] ]>
- S<[ B<-pna> ] [ B<-F>I<pattern> ] [ B<-l>[I<octal>] ] [ B<-0>[I<octal/hexadecimal>] ]>
- S<[ B<-I>I<dir> ] [ B<-m>[B<->]I<module> ] [ B<-M>[B<->]I<'module...'> ] [ B<-f> ]>
- S<[ B<-C [I<number/list>] >]>
- S<[ B<-P> ]>
- S<[ B<-S> ]>
- S<[ B<-x>[I<dir>] ]>
- S<[ B<-i>[I<extension>] ]>
- S<[ B<-e> I<'command'> ] [ B<--> ] [ I<programfile> ] [ I<argument> ]...>
-
-If you're new to Perl, you should start with L<perlintro>, which is a
-general intro for beginners and provides some background to help you
-navigate the rest of Perl's extensive documentation.
-
-For ease of access, the Perl manual has been split up into several sections.
-
-=head2 Overview
-
- perl Perl overview (this section)
- perlintro Perl introduction for beginners
- perltoc Perl documentation table of contents
-
-=head2 Tutorials
-
- perlreftut Perl references short introduction
- perldsc Perl data structures intro
- perllol Perl data structures: arrays of arrays
-
- perlrequick Perl regular expressions quick start
- perlretut Perl regular expressions tutorial
-
- perlboot Perl OO tutorial for beginners
- perltoot Perl OO tutorial, part 1
- perltooc Perl OO tutorial, part 2
- perlbot Perl OO tricks and examples
-
- perlstyle Perl style guide
-
- perlcheat Perl cheat sheet
- perltrap Perl traps for the unwary
- perldebtut Perl debugging tutorial
-
- perlfaq Perl frequently asked questions
- perlfaq1 General Questions About Perl
- perlfaq2 Obtaining and Learning about Perl
- perlfaq3 Programming Tools
- perlfaq4 Data Manipulation
- perlfaq5 Files and Formats
- perlfaq6 Regexes
- perlfaq7 Perl Language Issues
- perlfaq8 System Interaction
- perlfaq9 Networking
-
-=head2 Reference Manual
-
- perlsyn Perl syntax
- perldata Perl data structures
- perlop Perl operators and precedence
- perlsub Perl subroutines
- perlfunc Perl built-in functions
- perlopentut Perl open() tutorial
- perlpacktut Perl pack() and unpack() tutorial
- perlpod Perl plain old documentation
- perlpodspec Perl plain old documentation format specification
- perlrun Perl execution and options
- perldiag Perl diagnostic messages
- perllexwarn Perl warnings and their control
- perldebug Perl debugging
- perlvar Perl predefined variables
- perlre Perl regular expressions, the rest of the story
- perlrebackslash Perl regular expression backslash sequences
- perlrecharclass Perl regular expression character classes
- perlreref Perl regular expressions quick reference
- perlref Perl references, the rest of the story
- perlform Perl formats
- perlobj Perl objects
- perltie Perl objects hidden behind simple variables
- perldbmfilter Perl DBM filters
-
- perlipc Perl interprocess communication
- perlfork Perl fork() information
- perlnumber Perl number semantics
-
- perlthrtut Perl threads tutorial
- perlothrtut Old Perl threads tutorial
-
- perlport Perl portability guide
- perllocale Perl locale support
- perluniintro Perl Unicode introduction
- perlunicode Perl Unicode support
- perlunifaq Perl Unicode FAQ
- perlunitut Perl Unicode tutorial
- perlebcdic Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
-
- perlsec Perl security
-
- perlmod Perl modules: how they work
- perlmodlib Perl modules: how to write and use
- perlmodstyle Perl modules: how to write modules with style
- perlmodinstall Perl modules: how to install from CPAN
- perlnewmod Perl modules: preparing a new module for distribution
- perlpragma Perl modules: writing a user pragma
-
- perlutil utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
-
- perlcompile Perl compiler suite intro
-
- perlfilter Perl source filters
-
- perlglossary Perl Glossary
-
-=head2 Internals and C Language Interface
-
- perlembed Perl ways to embed perl in your C or C++ application
- perldebguts Perl debugging guts and tips
- perlxstut Perl XS tutorial
- perlxs Perl XS application programming interface
- perlclib Internal replacements for standard C library functions
- perlguts Perl internal functions for those doing extensions
- perlcall Perl calling conventions from C
- perlreapi Perl regular expression plugin interface
- perlreguts Perl regular expression engine internals
-
- perlapi Perl API listing (autogenerated)
- perlintern Perl internal functions (autogenerated)
- perliol C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers
- perlapio Perl internal IO abstraction interface
-
- perlhack Perl hackers guide
-
-=head2 Miscellaneous
-
- perlbook Perl book information
- perlcommunity Perl community information
- perltodo Perl things to do
-
- perldoc Look up Perl documentation in Pod format
-
- perlhist Perl history records
- perldelta Perl changes since previous version
- perl5100delta Perl changes in version 5.10.0
- perl595delta Perl changes in version 5.9.5
- perl594delta Perl changes in version 5.9.4
- perl593delta Perl changes in version 5.9.3
- perl592delta Perl changes in version 5.9.2
- perl591delta Perl changes in version 5.9.1
- perl590delta Perl changes in version 5.9.0
- perl588delta Perl changes in version 5.8.8
- perl587delta Perl changes in version 5.8.7
- perl586delta Perl changes in version 5.8.6
- perl585delta Perl changes in version 5.8.5
- perl584delta Perl changes in version 5.8.4
- perl583delta Perl changes in version 5.8.3
- perl582delta Perl changes in version 5.8.2
- perl581delta Perl changes in version 5.8.1
- perl58delta Perl changes in version 5.8.0
- perl573delta Perl changes in version 5.7.3
- perl572delta Perl changes in version 5.7.2
- perl571delta Perl changes in version 5.7.1
- perl570delta Perl changes in version 5.7.0
- perl561delta Perl changes in version 5.6.1
- perl56delta Perl changes in version 5.6
- perl5005delta Perl changes in version 5.005
- perl5004delta Perl changes in version 5.004
-
- perlartistic Perl Artistic License
- perlgpl GNU General Public License
-
-=head2 Language-Specific
-
- perlcn Perl for Simplified Chinese (in EUC-CN)
- perljp Perl for Japanese (in EUC-JP)
- perlko Perl for Korean (in EUC-KR)
- perltw Perl for Traditional Chinese (in Big5)
-
-=head2 Platform-Specific
-
- perlaix Perl notes for AIX
- perlamiga Perl notes for AmigaOS
- perlapollo Perl notes for Apollo DomainOS
- perlbeos Perl notes for BeOS
- perlbs2000 Perl notes for POSIX-BC BS2000
- perlce Perl notes for WinCE
- perlcygwin Perl notes for Cygwin
- perldgux Perl notes for DG/UX
- perldos Perl notes for DOS
- perlepoc Perl notes for EPOC
- perlfreebsd Perl notes for FreeBSD
- perlhpux Perl notes for HP-UX
- perlhurd Perl notes for Hurd
- perlirix Perl notes for Irix
- perllinux Perl notes for Linux
- perlmachten Perl notes for Power MachTen
- perlmacos Perl notes for Mac OS (Classic)
- perlmacosx Perl notes for Mac OS X
- perlmint Perl notes for MiNT
- perlmpeix Perl notes for MPE/iX
- perlnetware Perl notes for NetWare
- perlopenbsd Perl notes for OpenBSD
- perlos2 Perl notes for OS/2
- perlos390 Perl notes for OS/390
- perlos400 Perl notes for OS/400
- perlplan9 Perl notes for Plan 9
- perlqnx Perl notes for QNX
- perlriscos Perl notes for RISC OS
- perlsolaris Perl notes for Solaris
- perlsymbian Perl notes for Symbian
- perltru64 Perl notes for Tru64
- perluts Perl notes for UTS
- perlvmesa Perl notes for VM/ESA
- perlvms Perl notes for VMS
- perlvos Perl notes for Stratus VOS
- perlwin32 Perl notes for Windows
-
-
-By default, the manpages listed above are installed in the
-F</usr/local/man/> directory.
-
-Extensive additional documentation for Perl modules is available. The
-default configuration for perl will place this additional documentation
-in the F</usr/local/lib/perl5/man> directory (or else in the F<man>
-subdirectory of the Perl library directory). Some of this additional
-documentation is distributed standard with Perl, but you'll also find
-documentation for third-party modules there.
-
-You should be able to view Perl's documentation with your man(1)
-program by including the proper directories in the appropriate start-up
-files, or in the MANPATH environment variable. To find out where the
-configuration has installed the manpages, type:
-
- perl -V:man.dir
-
-If the directories have a common stem, such as F</usr/local/man/man1>
-and F</usr/local/man/man3>, you need only to add that stem
-(F</usr/local/man>) to your man(1) configuration files or your MANPATH
-environment variable. If they do not share a stem, you'll have to add
-both stems.
-
-If that doesn't work for some reason, you can still use the
-supplied F<perldoc> script to view module information. You might
-also look into getting a replacement man program.
-
-If something strange has gone wrong with your program and you're not
-sure where you should look for help, try the B<-w> switch first. It
-will often point out exactly where the trouble is.
-
-=head1 DESCRIPTION
-
-Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary
-text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing
-reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many
-system management tasks. The language is intended to be practical
-(easy to use, efficient, complete) rather than beautiful (tiny,
-elegant, minimal).
-
-Perl combines (in the author's opinion, anyway) some of the best
-features of C, B<sed>, B<awk>, and B<sh>, so people familiar with
-those languages should have little difficulty with it. (Language
-historians will also note some vestiges of B<csh>, Pascal, and even
-BASIC-PLUS.) Expression syntax corresponds closely to C
-expression syntax. Unlike most Unix utilities, Perl does not
-arbitrarily limit the size of your data--if you've got the memory,
-Perl can slurp in your whole file as a single string. Recursion is of
-unlimited depth. And the tables used by hashes (sometimes called
-"associative arrays") grow as necessary to prevent degraded
-performance. Perl can use sophisticated pattern matching techniques to
-scan large amounts of data quickly. Although optimized for
-scanning text, Perl can also deal with binary data, and can make dbm
-files look like hashes. Setuid Perl scripts are safer than C programs
-through a dataflow tracing mechanism that prevents many stupid
-security holes.
-
-If you have a problem that would ordinarily use B<sed> or B<awk> or
-B<sh>, but it exceeds their capabilities or must run a little faster,
-and you don't want to write the silly thing in C, then Perl may be for
-you. There are also translators to turn your B<sed> and B<awk>
-scripts into Perl scripts.
-
-But wait, there's more...
-
-Begun in 1993 (see L<perlhist>), Perl version 5 is nearly a complete
-rewrite that provides the following additional benefits:
-
-=over 4
-
-=item *
-
-modularity and reusability using innumerable modules
-
-Described in L<perlmod>, L<perlmodlib>, and L<perlmodinstall>.
-
-=item *
-
-embeddable and extensible
-
-Described in L<perlembed>, L<perlxstut>, L<perlxs>, L<perlcall>,
-L<perlguts>, and L<xsubpp>.
-
-=item *
-
-roll-your-own magic variables (including multiple simultaneous DBM
-implementations)
-
-Described in L<perltie> and L<AnyDBM_File>.
-
-=item *
-
-subroutines can now be overridden, autoloaded, and prototyped
-
-Described in L<perlsub>.
-
-=item *
-
-arbitrarily nested data structures and anonymous functions
-
-Described in L<perlreftut>, L<perlref>, L<perldsc>, and L<perllol>.
-
-=item *
-
-object-oriented programming
-
-Described in L<perlobj>, L<perlboot>, L<perltoot>, L<perltooc>,
-and L<perlbot>.
-
-=item *
-
-support for light-weight processes (threads)
-
-Described in L<perlthrtut> and L<threads>.
-
-=item *
-
-support for Unicode, internationalization, and localization
-
-Described in L<perluniintro>, L<perllocale> and L<Locale::Maketext>.
-
-=item *
-
-lexical scoping
-
-Described in L<perlsub>.
-
-=item *
-
-regular expression enhancements
-
-Described in L<perlre>, with additional examples in L<perlop>.
-
-=item *
-
-enhanced debugger and interactive Perl environment,
-with integrated editor support
-
-Described in L<perldebtut>, L<perldebug> and L<perldebguts>.
-
-=item *
-
-POSIX 1003.1 compliant library
-
-Described in L<POSIX>.
-
-=back
-
-Okay, that's I<definitely> enough hype.
-
-=head1 AVAILABILITY
-
-Perl is available for most operating systems, including virtually
-all Unix-like platforms. See L<perlport/"Supported Platforms">
-for a listing.
-
-=head1 ENVIRONMENT
-
-See L<perlrun>.
-
-=head1 AUTHOR
-
-Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.
-
-If your Perl success stories and testimonials may be of help to others
-who wish to advocate the use of Perl in their applications,
-or if you wish to simply express your gratitude to Larry and the
-Perl developers, please write to perl-thanks@perl.org .
-
-=head1 FILES
-
- "@INC" locations of perl libraries
-
-=head1 SEE ALSO
-
- a2p awk to perl translator
- s2p sed to perl translator
-
- http://www.perl.org/ the Perl homepage
- http://www.perl.com/ Perl articles (O'Reilly)
- http://www.cpan.org/ the Comprehensive Perl Archive
- http://www.pm.org/ the Perl Mongers
-
-=head1 DIAGNOSTICS
-
-The C<use warnings> pragma (and the B<-w> switch) produces some
-lovely diagnostics.
-
-See L<perldiag> for explanations of all Perl's diagnostics. The C<use
-diagnostics> pragma automatically turns Perl's normally terse warnings
-and errors into these longer forms.
-
-Compilation errors will tell you the line number of the error, with an
-indication of the next token or token type that was to be examined.
-(In a script passed to Perl via B<-e> switches, each
-B<-e> is counted as one line.)
-
-Setuid scripts have additional constraints that can produce error
-messages such as "Insecure dependency". See L<perlsec>.
-
-Did we mention that you should definitely consider using the B<-w>
-switch?
-
-=head1 BUGS
-
-The B<-w> switch is not mandatory.
-
-Perl is at the mercy of your machine's definitions of various
-operations such as type casting, atof(), and floating-point
-output with sprintf().
-
-If your stdio requires a seek or eof between reads and writes on a
-particular stream, so does Perl. (This doesn't apply to sysread()
-and syswrite().)
-
-While none of the built-in data types have any arbitrary size limits
-(apart from memory size), there are still a few arbitrary limits: a
-given variable name may not be longer than 251 characters. Line numbers
-displayed by diagnostics are internally stored as short integers,
-so they are limited to a maximum of 65535 (higher numbers usually being
-affected by wraparound).
-
-You may mail your bug reports (be sure to include full configuration
-information as output by the myconfig program in the perl source
-tree, or by C<perl -V>) to perlbug@perl.org . If you've succeeded
-in compiling perl, the B<perlbug> script in the F<utils/> subdirectory
-can be used to help mail in a bug report.
-
-Perl actually stands for Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister, but
-don't tell anyone I said that.
-
-=head1 NOTES
-
-The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it." Divining
-how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
-
-The three principal virtues of a programmer are Laziness,
-Impatience, and Hubris. See the Camel Book for why.
-