diff options
author | Lars Knoll <lars.knoll@nokia.com> | 2012-01-18 09:51:03 +0100 |
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committer | Qt by Nokia <qt-info@nokia.com> | 2012-01-19 10:07:34 +0100 |
commit | 2a742eba7a9be98354dc0e60c3644db484fe09db (patch) | |
tree | 0dfd4d3c31dd930c2f9463b43437f81088e0c245 /doc/src/core/threads.qdoc | |
parent | 57738689cd51af2111c35bffa769efbcd3ed5c97 (diff) |
core as a directory name is usually not a good idea
Let's follow the other places in qtbase where the
directory is named corelib.
Change-Id: Ib426f4ee7311f622a89b252b9915aca1d3dd688d
Reviewed-by: Casper van Donderen <casper.vandonderen@nokia.com>
Reviewed-by: Thiago Macieira <thiago.macieira@intel.com>
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/src/core/threads.qdoc')
-rw-r--r-- | doc/src/core/threads.qdoc | 705 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 705 deletions
diff --git a/doc/src/core/threads.qdoc b/doc/src/core/threads.qdoc deleted file mode 100644 index c38a7f3141..0000000000 --- a/doc/src/core/threads.qdoc +++ /dev/null @@ -1,705 +0,0 @@ -/**************************************************************************** -** -** Copyright (C) 2012 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). -** All rights reserved. -** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) -** -** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit. -** -** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:FDL$ -** GNU Free Documentation License -** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Free -** Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software -** Foundation and appearing in the file included in the packaging of -** this file. -** -** Other Usage -** Alternatively, this file may be used in accordance with the terms -** and conditions contained in a signed written agreement between you -** and Nokia. -** -** -** -** -** $QT_END_LICENSE$ -** -****************************************************************************/ - -/*! - \group thread - \title Threading Classes -*/ - -/*! - \page threads.html - \title Thread Support in Qt - \ingroup qt-basic-concepts - \brief A detailed discussion of thread handling in Qt. - - \ingroup frameworks-technologies - - \nextpage Starting Threads with QThread - - Qt provides thread support in the form of platform-independent - threading classes, a thread-safe way of posting events, and - signal-slot connections across threads. This makes it easy to - develop portable multithreaded Qt applications and take advantage - of multiprocessor machines. Multithreaded programming is also a - useful paradigm for performing time-consuming operations without - freezing the user interface of an application. - - Earlier versions of Qt offered an option to build the library - without thread support. Since Qt 4.0, threads are always enabled. - - \section1 Topics: - - \list - \o \l{Recommended Reading} - \o \l{The Threading Classes} - \o \l{Starting Threads with QThread} - \o \l{Synchronizing Threads} - \o \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety} - \o \l{Threads and QObjects} - \o \l{Concurrent Programming} - \o \l{Thread-Support in Qt Modules} - \endlist - - \section1 Recommended Reading - - This document is intended for an audience that has knowledge of, - and experience with, multithreaded applications. If you are new - to threading see our Recommended Reading list: - - \list - \o \l{Threads Primer: A Guide to Multithreaded Programming} - \o \l{Thread Time: The Multithreaded Programming Guide} - \o \l{Pthreads Programming: A POSIX Standard for Better Multiprocessing} - \o \l{Win32 Multithreaded Programming} - \endlist - - \section1 The Threading Classes - - These classes are relevant to threaded applications. - - \annotatedlist thread - -\omit - \list - \o QThread provides the means to start a new thread. - \o QThreadStorage provides per-thread data storage. - \o QThreadPool manages a pool of threads that run QRunnable objects. - \o QRunnable is an abstract class representing a runnable object. - \o QMutex provides a mutual exclusion lock, or mutex. - \o QMutexLocker is a convenience class that automatically locks - and unlocks a QMutex. - \o QReadWriteLock provides a lock that allows simultaneous read access. - \o QReadLocker and QWriteLocker are convenience classes that automatically - lock and unlock a QReadWriteLock. - \o QSemaphore provides an integer semaphore (a generalization of a mutex). - \o QWaitCondition provides a way for threads to go to sleep until - woken up by another thread. - \o QAtomicInt provides atomic operations on integers. - \o QAtomicPointer provides atomic operations on pointers. - \endlist -\endomit - - \note Qt's threading classes are implemented with native threading APIs; - e.g., Win32 and pthreads. Therefore, they can be used with threads of the - same native API. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-starting.html - \title Starting Threads with QThread - - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - \nextpage Synchronizing Threads - - A QThread instance represents a thread and provides the means to - \l{QThread::start()}{start()} a thread, which will then execute the - reimplementation of QThread::run(). The \c run() implementation is for a - thread what the \c main() entry point is for the application. All code - executed in a call stack that starts in the \c run() function is executed - by the new thread, and the thread finishes when the function returns. - QThread emits signals to indicate that the thread started or finished - executing. - - \section1 Creating a Thread - - To create a thread, subclass QThread and reimplement its - \l{QThread::run()}{run()} function. For example: - - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.h 0 - \codeline - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 0 - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 1 - \dots - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 2 - - \section1 Starting a Thread - - Then, create an instance of the thread object and call - QThread::start(). Note that you must create the QApplication (or - QCoreApplication) object before you can create a QThread. - - The function will return immediately and the - main thread will continue. The code that appears in the - \l{QThread::run()}{run()} reimplementation will then be executed - in a separate thread. - - Creating threads is explained in more detail in the QThread - documentation. - - Note that QCoreApplication::exec() must always be called from the - main thread (the thread that executes \c{main()}), not from a - QThread. In GUI applications, the main thread is also called the - GUI thread because it's the only thread that is allowed to - perform GUI-related operations. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-synchronizing.html - \title Synchronizing Threads - - \previouspage Starting Threads with QThread - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - \nextpage Reentrancy and Thread-Safety - - The QMutex, QReadWriteLock, QSemaphore, and QWaitCondition - classes provide means to synchronize threads. While the main idea - with threads is that they should be as concurrent as possible, - there are points where threads must stop and wait for other - threads. For example, if two threads try to access the same - global variable simultaneously, the results are usually - undefined. - - QMutex provides a mutually exclusive lock, or mutex. At most one - thread can hold the mutex at any time. If a thread tries to - acquire the mutex while the mutex is already locked, the thread will - be put to sleep until the thread that currently holds the mutex - unlocks it. Mutexes are often used to protect accesses to shared - data (i.e., data that can be accessed from multiple threads - simultaneously). In the \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety} section - below, we will use it to make a class thread-safe. - - QReadWriteLock is similar to QMutex, except that it distinguishes - between "read" and "write" access to shared data and allows - multiple readers to access the data simultaneously. Using - QReadWriteLock instead of QMutex when it is possible can make - multithreaded programs more concurrent. - - QSemaphore is a generalization of QMutex that protects a certain - number of identical resources. In contrast, a mutex protects - exactly one resource. The \l{threads/semaphores}{Semaphores} - example shows a typical application of semaphores: synchronizing - access to a circular buffer between a producer and a consumer. - - QWaitCondition allows a thread to wake up other threads when some - condition has been met. One or many threads can block waiting for - a QWaitCondition to set a condition with - \l{QWaitCondition::wakeOne()}{wakeOne()} or - \l{QWaitCondition::wakeAll()}{wakeAll()}. Use - \l{QWaitCondition::wakeOne()}{wakeOne()} to wake one randomly - selected event or \l{QWaitCondition::wakeAll()}{wakeAll()} to - wake them all. The \l{threads/waitconditions}{Wait Conditions} - example shows how to solve the producer-consumer problem using - QWaitCondition instead of QSemaphore. - - Note that Qt's synchronization classes rely on the use of properly - aligned pointers. For instance, you cannot use packed classes with - MSVC. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-reentrancy.html - \title Reentrancy and Thread-Safety - - \keyword reentrant - \keyword thread-safe - - \previouspage Synchronizing Threads - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - \nextpage Threads and QObjects - - Throughout the documentation, the terms \e{reentrant} and - \e{thread-safe} are used to mark classes and functions to indicate - how they can be used in multithread applications: - - \list - \o A \e thread-safe function can be called simultaneously from - multiple threads, even when the invocations use shared data, - because all references to the shared data are serialized. - \o A \e reentrant function can also be called simultaneously from - multiple threads, but only if each invocation uses its own data. - \endlist - - Hence, a \e{thread-safe} function is always \e{reentrant}, but a - \e{reentrant} function is not always \e{thread-safe}. - - By extension, a class is said to be \e{reentrant} if its member - functions can be called safely from multiple threads, as long as - each thread uses a \e{different} instance of the class. The class - is \e{thread-safe} if its member functions can be called safely - from multiple threads, even if all the threads use the \e{same} - instance of the class. - - \note Qt classes are only documented as \e{thread-safe} if they - are intended to be used by multiple threads. If a function is not - marked as thread-safe or reentrant, it should not be used from - different threads. If a class is not marked as thread-safe or - reentrant then a specific instance of that class should not be - accessed from different threads. - - \section1 Reentrancy - - C++ classes are often reentrant, simply because they only access - their own member data. Any thread can call a member function on an - instance of a reentrant class, as long as no other thread can call - a member function on the \e{same} instance of the class at the - same time. For example, the \c Counter class below is reentrant: - - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 3 - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 4 - - The class isn't thread-safe, because if multiple threads try to - modify the data member \c n, the result is undefined. This is - because the \c ++ and \c -- operators aren't always atomic. - Indeed, they usually expand to three machine instructions: - - \list 1 - \o Load the variable's value in a register. - \o Increment or decrement the register's value. - \o Store the register's value back into main memory. - \endlist - - If thread A and thread B load the variable's old value - simultaneously, increment their register, and store it back, they - end up overwriting each other, and the variable is incremented - only once! - - \section1 Thread-Safety - - Clearly, the access must be serialized: Thread A must perform - steps 1, 2, 3 without interruption (atomically) before thread B - can perform the same steps; or vice versa. An easy way to make - the class thread-safe is to protect all access to the data - members with a QMutex: - - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 5 - \snippet doc/src/snippets/threads/threads.cpp 6 - - The QMutexLocker class automatically locks the mutex in its - constructor and unlocks it when the destructor is invoked, at the - end of the function. Locking the mutex ensures that access from - different threads will be serialized. The \c mutex data member is - declared with the \c mutable qualifier because we need to lock - and unlock the mutex in \c value(), which is a const function. - - \section1 Notes on Qt Classes - - Many Qt classes are \e{reentrant}, but they are not made - \e{thread-safe}, because making them thread-safe would incur the - extra overhead of repeatedly locking and unlocking a QMutex. For - example, QString is reentrant but not thread-safe. You can safely - access \e{different} instances of QString from multiple threads - simultaneously, but you can't safely access the \e{same} instance - of QString from multiple threads simultaneously (unless you - protect the accesses yourself with a QMutex). - - Some Qt classes and functions are thread-safe. These are mainly - the thread-related classes (e.g. QMutex) and fundamental functions - (e.g. QCoreApplication::postEvent()). - - \note Terminology in the multithreading domain isn't entirely - standardized. POSIX uses definitions of reentrant and thread-safe - that are somewhat different for its C APIs. When using other - object-oriented C++ class libraries with Qt, be sure the - definitions are understood. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-qobject.html - \title Threads and QObjects - - \previouspage Reentrancy and Thread Safety - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - \nextpage Concurrent Programming - - QThread inherits QObject. It emits signals to indicate that the - thread started or finished executing, and provides a few slots as - well. - - More interesting is that \l{QObject}s can be used in multiple - threads, emit signals that invoke slots in other threads, and - post events to objects that "live" in other threads. This is - possible because each thread is allowed to have its own event - loop. - - \section1 QObject Reentrancy - - QObject is reentrant. Most of its non-GUI subclasses, such as - QTimer, QTcpSocket, QUdpSocket and QProcess, are also - reentrant, making it possible to use these classes from multiple - threads simultaneously. Note that these classes are designed to be - created and used from within a single thread; creating an object - in one thread and calling its functions from another thread is not - guaranteed to work. There are three constraints to be aware of: - - \list - \o \e{The child of a QObject must always be created in the thread - where the parent was created.} This implies, among other - things, that you should never pass the QThread object (\c - this) as the parent of an object created in the thread (since - the QThread object itself was created in another thread). - - \o \e{Event driven objects may only be used in a single thread.} - Specifically, this applies to the \l{timers.html}{timer - mechanism} and the \l{QtNetwork}{network module}. For example, - you cannot start a timer or connect a socket in a thread that - is not the \l{QObject::thread()}{object's thread}. - - \o \e{You must ensure that all objects created in a thread are - deleted before you delete the QThread.} This can be done - easily by creating the objects on the stack in your - \l{QThread::run()}{run()} implementation. - \endlist - - Although QObject is reentrant, the GUI classes, notably QWidget - and all its subclasses, are not reentrant. They can only be used - from the main thread. As noted earlier, QCoreApplication::exec() - must also be called from that thread. - - In practice, the impossibility of using GUI classes in other - threads than the main thread can easily be worked around by - putting time-consuming operations in a separate worker thread and - displaying the results on screen in the main thread when the - worker thread is finished. This is the approach used for - implementing the \l{threads/mandelbrot}{Mandelbrot} and - the \l{network/blockingfortuneclient}{Blocking Fortune Client} - example. - - \section1 Per-Thread Event Loop - - Each thread can have its own event loop. The initial thread - starts its event loops using QCoreApplication::exec(); other - threads can start an event loop using QThread::exec(). Like - QCoreApplication, QThread provides an - \l{QThread::exit()}{exit(int)} function and a - \l{QThread::quit()}{quit()} slot. - - An event loop in a thread makes it possible for the thread to use - certain non-GUI Qt classes that require the presence of an event - loop (such as QTimer, QTcpSocket, and QProcess). It also makes it - possible to connect signals from any threads to slots of a - specific thread. This is explained in more detail in the - \l{Signals and Slots Across Threads} section below. - - \image threadsandobjects.png Threads, objects, and event loops - - A QObject instance is said to \e live in the thread in which it - is created. Events to that object are dispatched by that thread's - event loop. The thread in which a QObject lives is available using - QObject::thread(). - - Note that for QObjects that are created before QApplication, - QObject::thread() returns zero. This means that the main thread - will only handle posted events for these objects; other event - processing is not done at all for objects with no thread. Use the - QObject::moveToThread() function to change the thread affinity for - an object and its children (the object cannot be moved if it has a - parent). - - Calling \c delete on a QObject from a thread other than the one - that \e owns the object (or accessing the object in other ways) is - unsafe, unless you guarantee that the object isn't processing - events at that moment. Use QObject::deleteLater() instead, and a - \l{QEvent::DeferredDelete}{DeferredDelete} event will be posted, - which the event loop of the object's thread will eventually pick - up. By default, the thread that \e owns a QObject is the thread - that \e creates the QObject, but not after QObject::moveToThread() - has been called. - - If no event loop is running, events won't be delivered to the - object. For example, if you create a QTimer object in a thread but - never call \l{QThread::exec()}{exec()}, the QTimer will never emit - its \l{QTimer::timeout()}{timeout()} signal. Calling - \l{QObject::deleteLater()}{deleteLater()} won't work - either. (These restrictions apply to the main thread as well.) - - You can manually post events to any object in any thread at any - time using the thread-safe function - QCoreApplication::postEvent(). The events will automatically be - dispatched by the event loop of the thread where the object was - created. - - Event filters are supported in all threads, with the restriction - that the monitoring object must live in the same thread as the - monitored object. Similarly, QCoreApplication::sendEvent() - (unlike \l{QCoreApplication::postEvent()}{postEvent()}) can only - be used to dispatch events to objects living in the thread from - which the function is called. - - \section1 Accessing QObject Subclasses from Other Threads - - QObject and all of its subclasses are not thread-safe. This - includes the entire event delivery system. It is important to keep - in mind that the event loop may be delivering events to your - QObject subclass while you are accessing the object from another - thread. - - If you are calling a function on an QObject subclass that doesn't - live in the current thread and the object might receive events, - you must protect all access to your QObject subclass's internal - data with a mutex; otherwise, you may experience crashes or other - undesired behavior. - - Like other objects, QThread objects live in the thread where the - object was created -- \e not in the thread that is created when - QThread::run() is called. It is generally unsafe to provide slots - in your QThread subclass, unless you protect the member variables - with a mutex. - - On the other hand, you can safely emit signals from your - QThread::run() implementation, because signal emission is - thread-safe. - - \section1 Signals and Slots Across Threads - - Qt supports these signal-slot connection types: - - \list - - \o \l{Qt::AutoConnection}{Auto Connection} (default) If the signal is - emitted in the thread which the receiving object has affinity then - the behavior is the same as the Direct Connection. Otherwise, - the behavior is the same as the Queued Connection." - - \o \l{Qt::DirectConnection}{Direct Connection} The slot is invoked - immediately, when the signal is emitted. The slot is executed - in the emitter's thread, which is not necessarily the - receiver's thread. - - \o \l{Qt::QueuedConnection}{Queued Connection} The slot is invoked - when control returns to the event loop of the receiver's - thread. The slot is executed in the receiver's thread. - - \o \l{Qt::BlockingQueuedConnection}{Blocking Queued Connection} - The slot is invoked as for the Queued Connection, except the - current thread blocks until the slot returns. \note Using this - type to connect objects in the same thread will cause deadlock. - - \o \l{Qt::UniqueConnection}{Unique Connection} The behavior is the - same as the Auto Connection, but the connection is made only if - it does not duplicate an existing connection. i.e., if the same - signal is already connected to the same slot for the same pair - of objects, then the connection is not made and connect() - returns false. - - \endlist - - The connection type can be specified by passing an additional - argument to \l{QObject::connect()}{connect()}. Be aware that - using direct connections when the sender and receiver live in - different threads is unsafe if an event loop is running in the - receiver's thread, for the same reason that calling any function - on an object living in another thread is unsafe. - - QObject::connect() itself is thread-safe. - - The \l{threads/mandelbrot}{Mandelbrot} example uses a queued - connection to communicate between a worker thread and the main - thread. To avoid freezing the main thread's event loop (and, as a - consequence, the application's user interface), all the - Mandelbrot fractal computation is done in a separate worker - thread. The thread emits a signal when it is done rendering the - fractal. - - Similarly, the \l{network/blockingfortuneclient}{Blocking Fortune - Client} example uses a separate thread for communicating with - a TCP server asynchronously. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-qtconcurrent.html - \title Concurrent Programming - - \previouspage Threads and QObjects - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - \nextpage Thread-Support in Qt Modules - - \target qtconcurrent intro - - The QtConcurrent namespace provides high-level APIs that make it - possible to write multi-threaded programs without using low-level - threading primitives such as mutexes, read-write locks, wait - conditions, or semaphores. Programs written with QtConcurrent - automatically adjust the number of threads used according to the - number of processor cores available. This means that applications - written today will continue to scale when deployed on multi-core - systems in the future. - - QtConcurrent includes functional programming style APIs for - parallel list processing, including a MapReduce and FilterReduce - implementation for shared-memory (non-distributed) systems, and - classes for managing asynchronous computations in GUI - applications: - - \list - - \o QtConcurrent::map() applies a function to every item in a container, - modifying the items in-place. - - \o QtConcurrent::mapped() is like map(), except that it returns a new - container with the modifications. - - \o QtConcurrent::mappedReduced() is like mapped(), except that the - modified results are reduced or folded into a single result. - - \o QtConcurrent::filter() removes all items from a container based on the - result of a filter function. - - \o QtConcurrent::filtered() is like filter(), except that it returns a new - container with the filtered results. - - \o QtConcurrent::filteredReduced() is like filtered(), except that the - filtered results are reduced or folded into a single result. - - \o QtConcurrent::run() runs a function in another thread. - - \o QFuture represents the result of an asynchronous computation. - - \o QFutureIterator allows iterating through results available via QFuture. - - \o QFutureWatcher allows monitoring a QFuture using signals-and-slots. - - \o QFutureSynchronizer is a convenience class that automatically - synchronizes several QFutures. - - \endlist - - Qt Concurrent supports several STL-compatible container and iterator types, - but works best with Qt containers that have random-access iterators, such as - QList or QVector. The map and filter functions accept both containers and begin/end iterators. - - STL Iterator support overview: - - \table - \header - \o Iterator Type - \o Example classes - \o Support status - \row - \o Input Iterator - \o - \o Not Supported - \row - \o Output Iterator - \o - \o Not Supported - \row - \o Forward Iterator - \o std::slist - \o Supported - \row - \o Bidirectional Iterator - \o QLinkedList, std::list - \o Supported - \row - \o Random Access Iterator - \o QList, QVector, std::vector - \o Supported and Recommended - \endtable - - Random access iterators can be faster in cases where Qt Concurrent is iterating - over a large number of lightweight items, since they allow skipping to any point - in the container. In addition, using random access iterators allows Qt Concurrent - to provide progress information trough QFuture::progressValue() and QFutureWatcher:: - progressValueChanged(). - - The non in-place modifying functions such as mapped() and filtered() makes a - copy of the container when called. If you are using STL containers this copy operation - might take some time, in this case we recommend specifying the begin and end iterators - for the container instead. -*/ - -/*! - \page threads-modules.html - \title Thread-Support in Qt Modules - - \previouspage Concurrent Programming - \contentspage Thread Support in Qt - - \section1 Threads and the SQL Module - - A connection can only be used from within the thread that created it. - Moving connections between threads or creating queries from a different - thread is not supported. - - In addition, the third party libraries used by the QSqlDrivers can impose - further restrictions on using the SQL Module in a multithreaded program. - Consult the manual of your database client for more information - - \section1 Painting in Threads - - QPainter can be used in a thread to paint onto QImage, QPrinter, and - QPicture paint devices. Painting onto QPixmaps and QWidgets is \e not - supported. On Mac OS X the automatic progress dialog will not be - displayed if you are printing from outside the GUI thread. - - Any number of threads can paint at any given time, however only - one thread at a time can paint on a given paint device. In other - words, two threads can paint at the same time if each paints onto - separate QImages, but the two threads cannot paint onto the same - QImage at the same time. - - Note that on X11 systems without FontConfig support, Qt cannot - render text outside of the GUI thread. You can use the - QFontDatabase::supportsThreadedFontRendering() function to detect - whether or not font rendering can be used outside the GUI thread. - - \section1 Threads and Rich Text Processing - - The QTextDocument, QTextCursor, and \link richtext.html all - related classes\endlink are reentrant. - - Note that a QTextDocument instance created in the GUI thread may - contain QPixmap image resources. Use QTextDocument::clone() to - create a copy of the document, and pass the copy to another thread for - further processing (such as printing). - - \section1 Threads and the SVG module - - The QSvgGenerator and QSvgRenderer classes in the QtSvg module - are reentrant. - - \section1 Threads and Implicitly Shared Classes - - Qt uses an optimization called \l{implicit sharing} for many of - its value class, notably QImage and QString. Beginning with Qt 4, - implicit shared classes can safely be copied across threads, like - any other value classes. They are fully - \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{reentrant}. The implicit sharing - is really \e implicit. - - In many people's minds, implicit sharing and multithreading are - incompatible concepts, because of the way the reference counting - is typically done. Qt, however, uses atomic reference counting to - ensure the integrity of the shared data, avoiding potential - corruption of the reference counter. - - Note that atomic reference counting does not guarantee - \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{thread-safety}. Proper locking should be used - when sharing an instance of an implicitly shared class between - threads. This is the same requirement placed on all - \l{Reentrancy and Thread-Safety}{reentrant} classes, shared or not. Atomic reference - counting does, however, guarantee that a thread working on its - own, local instance of an implicitly shared class is safe. We - recommend using \l{Signals and Slots Across Threads}{signals and - slots} to pass data between threads, as this can be done without - the need for any explicit locking. - - To sum it up, implicitly shared classes in Qt 4 are really \e - implicitly shared. Even in multithreaded applications, you can - safely use them as if they were plain, non-shared, reentrant - value-based classes. -*/ |