defb(s):iftype(s) == bytes:return s
returnbytes(s,"UTF8")defbuffer_(s):if s ==None:return Noneeliftype(s) ==str:returnbytes(s,"UTF8")eliftype(s) == bytes:return s
else:memoryview(s)defl(n):return n
defunicode_(s):return s
unicode=strunichr=chrlong=intunichr=chrbuffer= buffer_